A Critical Reading of the Components of Peter Singer's Theory of Effective Altruism According to Sadrian Wisdom

The basic issue of this research is the critical analysis of this transition from virtue-based ethics to applied ethics and its consequences for the human existential sphere. The present article analyzes and evaluates the basic components of Singer's theory of effective altruism by using the analytical-critical method and by relying on the principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Theosophy. The findings of this research show that by reducing moral action to consequentialist calculation and neglecting the existential aspects of the moral agent, as well as transforming ethics into a practical project, Singer has reduced ethics from a path of ontological advancement to a system of social management. While effective altruism focuses on external influence, Sadrian wisdom, by relying on principles such as the originality of existence, the equivalence of goodness and existence, the gradation of existence, etc., explains ethics not as a project to reduce biological suffering, but as a ladder for the essential development of the soul. This study ultimately argues that Singer highlights the objective suffering of humans and the necessity of an immediate response to it, while Sadra highlights the inner truth of action and its relationship to human existential destiny. Therefore, it must be accepted that Singer is more effective in solving concrete moral problems, but Mulla Sadra has a deeper and more stable position in philosophical foundation of ethics.