@article{ author = {Bahrami, Mansour and RaayatJahromi, Mohamm}, title = {Perspectivism in Nietzsche’s Philosophy; A Reflection on Truth and Theories of Truth}, abstract ={Nietzsche’s notion of “Perspectivism” offers an anti-foundationalist account of truth, rejecting the idea of truth as an absolute entity and instead framing it as something shaped by human interpretation. For Nietzsche, knowledge and truth are always formed within the boundaries of perspectives, with no universal or independent criterion to ground them. This article first examines the significance of perspectivism in Nietzsche’s thought, contrasting it with traditional theories of truth such as correspondence, coherence, and pragmatism. It then considers the epistemological implications of Nietzsche’s approach and its relationship to the concept of truth in his philosophy. Finally, it addresses the challenges raised by perspectivism, particularly the dangers of relativism and the apparent paradox it contains, arguing that Nietzsche does not deny truth altogether. Rather, he promotes a model in which perspectives are critically compared and evaluated. The article concludes that Nietzsche’s perspectivism does not abolish truth but instead highlights the central role of diverse interpretations in shaping human knowledge.}, Keywords = {Perspectivism, Truth, Interpretation, Epistemology, Relativism}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-42}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.7}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Dadjoo, Ebrahim}, title = {New Essentialism and the Reconstruction of Islamic Philosophy and the Islamic Philosophy of Science}, abstract ={The history of physics can be divided into three major periods: the pre-Newtonian, Newtonian, and quantum eras. Each stage has carried its own philosophical implications. Pre-Newtonian physics was aligned with classical essentialism and realism, which shaped both ancient philosophy and Islamic philosophy. Newtonian physics, by contrast, fostered anti-essentialist and anti-realist tendencies, giving rise to many contemporary philosophical currents still dominant in Iran. The quantum era, however, has led to the emergence of “new essentialism” and “new realism,” perspectives that remain largely unfamiliar within the Iranian intellectual landscape. Islamic philosophy, grounded in the essentialist and realist outlook of the pre-Newtonian age, was unable to advance alongside the Newtonian paradigm and became largely passive in the face of anti-essentialist and anti-realist philosophies. For Islamic philosophy to modernize and regain vitality, it must engage with new essentialism and new realism. By critically analyzing and reconstructing these approaches, Islamic philosophy can not only renew itself but also contribute to the reconstruction of general philosophy, epistemology, and the philosophy of science from a realist standpoint. In doing so, it may play a central role in advancing other sciences and in offering realist solutions to contemporary intellectual and social challenges.  }, Keywords = {Pre-Newtonian, Newtonian, Quantum, Essentialism, Anti-essentialism, New Essentialism, Islamic Philosophy}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-70}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.43}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Aghajani, Fatemeh and MahdaviAzadboni, Remazan and darabi, kokab}, title = {Critique and Examination of the Demiurge as the Creator in Plato’s Metaphysics}, abstract ={The concepts of the Demiurge (the creator) and the Form of the Good occupy a central position in Plato’s metaphysics. This article examines the Demiurge’s role in shaping the material world and its relationship to the Form of the Good. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on scholarly sources, the study argues that the Demiurge is not an independent creator but rather a regulator who imposes order on pre-existing chaos by imitating the eternal realm of Forms. Two key hypotheses are considered: first, that the Demiurge acts merely as an imitator and therefore cannot be regarded as a true creator; second, that he cannot function as the ultimate source of morality. The findings reveal that the Demiurge depends on the Form of the Good and does not create ex nihilo. This dependency introduces tensions within Plato’s broader philosophy, especially when contrasted with his negative evaluation of imitation in The Republic. Furthermore, the inconsistency between the soul’s createdness in Timaeus and its eternal, uncreated nature in Phaedrus raises doubts about the Demiurge’s role in generating the soul. In contrast, the Form of the Good emerges as the ultimate foundation of morality, standing above the Demiurge. Ethical values in Plato’s philosophy do not originate from the Demiurge’s activity but rather from the soul’s striving toward the Form of the Good. By redefining the Demiurge as a mediator between the Forms and the material world, this study offers a new understanding of his function as a divine regulator rather than a genuine creator. This perspective helps resolve contradictions in Plato’s metaphysical framework and deepens our understanding of the relationship between creativity, morality, and order in his thought.}, Keywords = {Demiurge, Creator, Form of the Good, Plato, Ethics}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {71-96}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.71}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Rabipour, Fatemeh and FathTaheri, Ali and Baqershahi, Ali Naqi and Heidari, Mohammad Has}, title = {A Study of the Conception of Truth in Deleuze’s Reading of Kant}, abstract ={Deleuze’s philosophical project begins with his reversal of Kant’s philosophy. His unique interpretation of Kant serves as the foundation for his broader ontological framework. Throughout his works, Deleuze consistently connects the concept of truth to other philosophical ideas, often reinterpreting entire systems to reconstruct truth in innovative ways. Yet this reconstruction always unfolds in dialogue with, and in critique of, Kant. According to Deleuze, since Kant’s aesthetics has been marked by an irreducible duality: on one side, it refers to sensibility as the condition for possible experience; on the other, it refers to art as the expression of actual experience. This split produces two competing “images of thought,” which in turn give rise to two divergent conceptions of truth. In the first conception, the faculties naturally and voluntarily orient themselves toward truth, representing it as universal and general. In the second, thought emerges only when external forces disrupt the faculties, making truth the outcome of real experience and the creation of something new. This study explores Deleuze’s account of this dual concept of truth, situating it within his special engagement with Kant, and clarifies how this framework enables the production of the new.}, Keywords = {Idea, Thought without image, Dogmatic image of thought, Truth, Deleuze, Kant}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-128}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.97}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Rastaei, Hamedeh}, title = {A Critical Analaysis of Allamah Tabātabāī’s Two Philosophical and Theoretical Approaches to the Discovery of Knowledge}, abstract ={The question of how knowledge is discovered remains one of the central yet relatively underexplored issues in epistemology. While philosophers have often devoted far greater attention to ontological problems, Allāmah Tabātabāī offers an important and original contribution to this topic. In addition to writing a dedicated essay on the subject, “The Value of the Known” in Usul-i Falsafeh va Ravesh-e Realism, he also addresses it in various parts of his broader works. Tabātabāī develops two distinct approaches. In his philosophical approach, grounded in the principle of essential objectivity, he maintains that certain acquired knowledge discovers the known by accident. In contrast, in his fundamental approach, he denies the possibility of genuine discovery altogether, aiming to pave the way for a more authentic understanding of knowledge. Essential objectivity, however, cannot be regarded as a sufficient criterion for discovery, both because it excludes philosophical and logical secondary intelligibles and because it conflicts with the doctrine of the primacy of existence. This paper argues, through a logical analysis of concepts, that Tabātabāī’s two main arguments for rejecting true discovery are incomplete and therefore unjustified. First, something can be relational and, at the same time, represent something beyond itself. Second, something can represent another reality without being “annihilated” within it.}, Keywords = {Discovery, Essential Objectivity, Acquired Knowledge, Certain Confirmation, Allāmah Tabātabāī}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-152}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.129}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Qorbani, Hashem and Mohammadi, Masih}, title = {Review of Realistic Representation of Worldly Perceptions in Near-Death Experiences}, abstract ={Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) represent a unique class of perceptions that offer profound insights into the human condition at the threshold of death. These experiences invite both epistemological and ontological examination, a process essential for assessing their epistemic validity. The primary goal of this article is to critically evaluate physicalist accounts that dismiss NDEs as mere hallucinatory phenomena. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on comprehensive library-based research, this study shows that the perceptions reported during NDEs generally fall into two categories: subjective, other-worldly phenomena and objective, this-worldly observations, each with its own distinctive characteristics. The first category includes experiences such as traveling through a light-filled tunnel, encountering preternatural beings, and seeing deceased relatives or spiritual figures. The second category involves observations of tangible physical events occurring either in the patient’s immediate surroundings or even at a distance from their physical body. Remarkably, such reports often emerge under conditions of sensory deprivation (e.g., with eyes closed) and significantly reduced cortical activity. This article examines credible international research on this-worldly aspects of NDEs to challenge conventional hallucinatory explanations. The critique unfolds through four main lines of argument: (1) the objective nature of reported perceptions, (2) the recurrence of shared experiential patterns, (3) philosophical reflections on the mind’s capacity to function independently of the physical body, and (4) the fundamental problem of phenomenal awareness. Crucially, the observation of real-world events during NDEs, particularly when supported by medical documentation, renders these experiences open to epistemic validation.  }, Keywords = {Near-Death Experiences (NDE), Veridical Out-of-Body Experience (Veridical OBE), Extrasensory Perception (ESP), Consciousness, This-worldly perceptions, Objective reality.}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {153-184}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.153}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Momeni, Naser}, title = {Research on the Relationship between Arche and Identity based on Heidegger\'s Opinion}, abstract ={Archē is commonly translated as “the origin” or “the beginning” Identity, on the other hand, means that everything is equal to itself. The principle of identity is a logical rule that establishes a relation of self-sameness. Yet, in the history of philosophy, Parmenides gestures toward a sense of identity that seems different, strange, even difficult. This meaning is not merely that everything equals itself, but rather a distinctive trait to which even existence itself belongs. What if identity were not simply the statement “A is A”? What if, instead of being a dry logical axiom, identity pointed to something deeper, something that shapes the very way we understand reality?}, Keywords = {Thales, Archē, Heidegger, Identity, Parmenides}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {185-208}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.185}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {AbasiHosseinAbadi, Has}, title = {The Relationship between Human and God in Ibn Tufail\'s Philosophy}, abstract ={The relationship between human beings and God is one of the central themes in Islamic philosophy and mysticism. In Ibn Tufail’s thought, as reflected in his renowned philosophical treatise Hayy ibn Yaqzan, this relationship is explained through the concepts of the arc of descent (qaws al-nuzul) and the arc of ascent (qaws al-su‘ud). The key questions here are: What form does this relationship take in Ibn Tufail’s system? How does a person attain closeness to God and experience His presence? And what is the path that Ibn Tufail ultimately advocates? In his treatise, Ibn Tufail introduces us the symbolic character Hayy, and narrates his spiritual and intellectual journey through various stages, beginning with individuality and innate monotheism, moving through solitude, reflection, and contemplation, and finally reaching a deeper social and ethical dimension. Within this framework, God occupies a pivotal position as the ultimate goal and the source of human happiness. According to Ibn Tufail, there are two primary types of relationships between human beings and God: A personal, mystical relationship based on the soul’s separation from the material world, which culminates in spiritual union and annihilation (fana) in the Divine Essence. An individual-social relationship realized through adherence to the Sharia and religious obligations. This article seeks to explore these ideas by offering a descriptive-analytical reading of Hayy ibn Yaqzan.}, Keywords = {Human, God, Ibn Tufail, Annihilation, Individuality}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {209-238}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.209}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {AqaMohammadreza, Maryam and Rezaeirah, Mohammad Javad and Ayatollahy, Hamidreza and Souri, Rouhollah}, title = {The Influence of Divine Agency on the Lawfulness of Nature: From the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Process Theologians}, abstract ={Process theologians, in their attempt to address theological challenges, propose a new interpretation of God’s agency within the natural order. According to them, divine agency, based on the processual and organismic nature of reality, must be understood in a way that safeguards the agency, freedom, and creativity of other beings. Their solution involves restricting God’s power and knowledge, which ultimately results in the denial of God’s intrinsic necessity and His supervening relationship with other beings. In this view, God becomes merely a necessary condition and a preparatory cause, existing on the same level as other causes and natural agents in the world. Consequently, the laws and order of the natural world emerge from the free will and creativity of natural beings. In contrast, Mulla Sadra, affirming both God’s intrinsic necessity and His supervening relationship with creation, and understanding God as the Agent through self-manifestation, considers divine agency to be authentic and creative. By viewing existence as the object of positing, he asserts that all beings and their necessary relations, including the laws of the world, are encompassed within God’s simple positing. This philosophical framework offers a coherent response to the challenges that Western theology faces regarding divine agency.}, Keywords = {Process Theology, Mulla Sadra, Agency through Self-Manifestation, Divine Agency, Order and Lawfulness of the World}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {239-267}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.239}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {RoohiSeraji, Gholamhossein and Hosaini, Seyyed Shahabuddi}, title = {A Comparative Study of Soul-Body Unity in the Thought of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra}, abstract ={This paper presents a comparative analysis of Ibn Sina’s and Mulla Sadra’s perspectives on the union of the soul and the body. Using a descriptive-analytical method, we explore how both philosophers challenge the ancient Platonic notion that the soul exists prior to the body. Ibn Sina views the soul as immaterial in its essence and maintains that it remains immaterial from the very moment it becomes connected to the body. In contrast, Mulla Sadra also affirms the soul’s immaterial essence, but argues that its origin is corporeal, a view captured in his theory of “corporeal origination.” Our findings suggest that Ibn Sina’s position is more philosophically robust, as it avoids the problem of an essential transformation: for him, the soul is immaterial from its inception. Within his framework, the union of soul and body is accidental because the soul functions as the body’s governor and guide. Mulla Sadra, however, insists that this unity is essential, embedded in the very fabric of human existence.}, Keywords = {Soul, Body, Substance, Accident, Unity}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {269-294}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.269}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Izadi, Mohammad Hosein and Baghershai, Ali Naghi and PeekHerfe, Shirzad and RaayatJahromi, Mohamm}, title = {Review of the Intellectual Foundations of Philosophical Counseling and Its Approach in Contemporary Psychotherapy}, abstract ={The article explores philosophical counseling as a contemporary application of philosophy in addressing personal, ethical, and existential challenges, distinguishing it from traditional psychotherapy. Drawing on historical philosophical traditions and modern practices, it examines the intellectual foundations, methods, techniques, and challenges of this emerging field. The summary below covers the first eight sections of the article (Introduction through Challenges and Criticisms), followed by a synthesis of the article's conclusions. These abstract aims to encapsulate the article's descriptive-analytical approach, highlighting its emphasis on philosophy's practical role in fostering self-awareness, ethical decision-making, and worldview clarification without pathologizing clients.}, Keywords = {Applied Philosophy, Philosophical Counseling, Psychology, Philosophical Therapy, Psychotherapy, Gerd Achenbach}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {295-330}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.295}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Alibabaoghli, Vahid and Akvan, Mohamm}, title = {Hegel\'s Critique of Sensory Certainty}, abstract ={This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Hegel’s critique of sense-certainty as outlined in the opening section of The Phenomenology of Spirit. Traditionally, sense-certainty has been regarded as the most immediate and foundational form of consciousness, promising direct access to truth through unmediated experience. However, Hegel’s dialectical method reveals fundamental contradictions within this mode of knowing, demonstrating that it cannot sustain its claim to immediacy or certainty. By examining the roles of language, temporality, and the mediation of consciousness, this study shows that sense-certainty operates as a necessary yet transitional stage in the development of self-consciousness. Drawing on both metaphysical and linguistic-pragmatic perspectives, the paper develops an integrated framework that underscores Hegel’s ongoing relevance to epistemology, the philosophy of language, and phenomenology.  }, Keywords = {Hegel, Sense-certainty, Phenomenology of Spirit, Dialectic, Temporality, Consciousness, Epistemology}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {331-362}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.331}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Honarmand, Hossein and Mirshamsi, Zeinab Sadat and Alerasoul, Sous}, title = {The Interplay of Practical and Theoretical Intellects in the Existential Perfection of the Human Being: Based on Imam Khomeini’s Philosophy}, abstract ={In Imam Khomeini’s intellectual framework, the theoretical intellect (al-‘aql al-naẓarī) and the practical intellect (al-‘aql al-‘amalī) constitute two essential faculties of the human soul. Contrary to many dualistic interpretations found throughout the history of philosophy, these two faculties are not in opposition to one another. Rather, they function as complementary and synergistic forces, jointly guiding the human being toward existential perfection. This study, employing an analytical-inferential method and drawing upon Imam Khomeini’s philosophical, mystical, and ethical writings, examines how these two intellects interact within the ontological structure of the human being and in the process of spiritual journeying (sulūk).}, Keywords = {Theoretical Reason, Practical Reason, Arc of Descent, Arc of Ascent, Existential Perfection, Imam Khomeini}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {363-392}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.363}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Lazemi, Farideh and Asghari, Muhamm}, title = {Deconstruction of the Concept of God in the Modern Age: From Romanticism to the Critique of Religious Rationality}, abstract ={This article examines how the modern era, shaped by the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the rise of new philosophical paradigms, reshaped the very idea of God. Under the influence of Romanticism, materialism, mechanical determinism, and deepening religious skepticism, the classical image of a transcendent, absolute deity began to unravel. As these intellectual currents gained ground, God came to be seen less as an objective, eternal being and more as a concept open to interpretation, one increasingly centered on human subjectivity. Religious language, once the province of metaphysical truth-claims, began to function more as a vehicle for psychological and social meaning. David Hume’s critique of causality and his incisive attacks on the traditional proofs for God’s existence, especially in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, proved pivotal. His arguments undermined rational theology and cleared the path for experiential and skeptical approaches to religion. Yet this anti-realist reimagining of God faces serious limitations: it struggles to express divine essence and attributes, often overlooks the existential dimension of faith, and fails to account for the depth of religious experience. We argue that a viable rethinking of God today must move beyond mere critique. It requires drawing on the rational resources of the tradition while engaging constructively with both modern deconstruction and post-structuralist reinterpretations. Only through such dialogue can faith be reformulated within a contemporary, meaning-oriented horizon.}, Keywords = {God, Modern Age, Deconstruction, Romanticism, Rationalism, David Hume}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {393-414}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.393}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Mollaahmadi, Alirez}, title = {The Haqq-Based Ontology Centered on Knowledge by Presence}, abstract ={One of the most fundamental critiques directed at modern Western epistemology concerns its neglect of—and failure to adequately employ—the epistemic potential of knowledge by presence (ʿilm ḥuḍūrī). Against this background, the central question of the present paper is as follows: how can the epistemic foundations of human understanding be restructured through a systematic utilization of the capacities of knowledge by presence, such that it functions not merely as one epistemic resource among others, but as the axial center of cognition itself? Moreover, how can a rigorous and coherent ontological system be constructed around this epistemic axis? Employing a descriptive–analytical method, this paper seeks to present a novel formulation of an ontological system and, consequently, to offer a renewed blueprint for fundamental philosophy. In articulating this formulation, the author draws extensively on the epistemic resources of earlier sages—most notably Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn. The defining feature of this proposal is the construction of a thoroughly realist philosophical system whose internal coherence and structural unity are organized around the centrality of knowledge by presence as its epistemic core. The foundation of Haqq-based ontology is developed in two main stages. The first culminates in an existential epistemology, which is presented as an alternative to both foundationalism and coherentism. In this model, knowledge by presence is not treated as a mere foundational starting point, but rather as the organizing center of all cognition. The second stage introduces the concept of the Haqq System as an enhanced model of Transcendent Philosophy, designed to structure an ontological system that unfolds concentrically around this epistemic center. Finally, after offering a literal definition of Haqq-based ontology, the paper examines its philosophical advantages and theoretical outcomes. It should be emphasized that the present study is primarily a conceptual proposal concerned with the questions of “what” and “why.” A detailed elaboration of this framework in terms of methodological design and practical application requires further investigation and deeper philosophical reflection.  }, Keywords = {knowledge by presence, existential epistemology, Haqq-based ontology, Haqq System, al-Ṣiddīqīn argument, realist philosophy}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-42}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {ShakuriNezhad, Ehs}, title = {Theological Foundations and Tasks of Secular Theology from the Perspective of Gogarten}, abstract ={Christian theology has responded in a variety of ways to the challenges of the modern world and its emerging problems. These responses have ranged from open conflict and sharp criticism to efforts at empathy and mutual understanding. Among these challenges, the issue of secularization stands out as one of the most complex phenomena the Church has encountered. It took several centuries for the Christian Church to come to terms with secularization and to accept the processes of differentiation, institutional separation, and the reduction of its traditional social roles. Initially, secularization was met with strong resistance and rejection by many Christian theologians, who viewed it as a serious threat. However, over time, a number of theologians reconsidered their positions and retreated from their earlier critiques. In confronting this challenge, they began to articulate interpretations from within the Christian tradition that resonate more closely with the perspectives of scholars in the humanities and with the findings of empirical research in this field. This study seeks to examine the works and views of Friedrich Gogarten in relation to this issue. The findings suggest that the roots of secularization can, in fact, be traced back to the Bible itself. Furthermore, it becomes evident that Gogarten, in his effort to preserve Christianity while fostering as much harmony as possible between modernity and secularization, develops a distinct theological framework one that may appropriately be described as a theology of secularization.  }, Keywords = {Christianity, The Bible, Gogarten, Modernity, Secularization}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-74}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Khoshnavisan, Fahimeh}, title = {Reconstructing Alston’s Religious Perception in the Light of Postmodern Critiques}, abstract ={This article critically examines postmodern critiques of William P. Alston’s account of religious experience through an analytic–critical methodology. Drawing on the concept of doxastic practices, Alston interprets religious experience as analogous to sense perception and defends its epistemic legitimacy. Within this framework, religious experience is understood as a source of non-inferential justification that may be considered valid within a given epistemic system. His approach is grounded in reliabilism while simultaneously attempting to avoid the limitations of classical foundationalism. However, postmodern critiques raise significant challenges to this position. Hans-Georg Gadamer’s hermeneutical perspective, with its emphasis on the inevitability of pre-understanding, and Paul Feyerabend’s epistemological anarchism both suggest that epistemic systems—such as those underpinning religious experience—cannot be evaluated from an external or neutral standpoint. Furthermore, Jean-François Lyotard’s critique of meta-narratives challenges the claim that religious experience can function as a universal mode of apprehending the divine. Feminist approaches add another layer of critique by highlighting the entanglement of religious experience with structures of power, gender, and ideology. The article concludes that, although Alston takes an important step toward rationalizing religious experience within analytic epistemology, his account remains vulnerable to contextualist and interpretive critiques. Consequently, it requires reconsideration in light of hermeneutical and phenomenological approaches.  }, Keywords = {Alston, religious perception, doxastic practices, postmodernism}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {75-102}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Fathizadeh, Mortez}, title = {Susan Haack and the Double-Aspect Theory of Epistemic Justification}, abstract ={Susan Haack’s theory of foundherentism represents an innovative attempt in contemporary epistemology to move beyond entrenched dichotomies such as foundationalism versus coherentism, reasons versus causes, and externalism versus internalism. By rejecting the reduction of epistemic justification either to infallible basic beliefs or to mere coherence among beliefs, Haack proposes an alternative model in which justification emerges from the interaction and mutual reinforcement of experiential evidence, prior beliefs, and the overall coherence of a belief system. She argues that, by drawing on the strengths of both traditional theories while avoiding their shortcomings, foundherentism offers a dynamic and gradual structure of epistemic justification that allows for the correction and revision of beliefs. Nevertheless, the theory has faced several criticisms, including doubts about its originality and theoretical independence, its inability to adequately explain the transition from non-conceptual evidence to epistemic justification, and ambiguities surrounding its claim to truth-indicativeness. This paper adopts an analytic and critical approach to explicating the main components of foundherentism and assessing the most significant objections raised against it.  }, Keywords = {Foundherentism, Epistemic Justification, Truth-Indicativeness, Ratification, Susan Haack}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-138}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {JafariEskandari, Ali}, title = {Rorty and the Passage from Descartes’ Philosophy}, abstract ={In René Descartes’ philosophy, the primary attribute of res corporea is extension (extensio), while the defining attribute of the ego cogito is thought (cogitatio). In Richard Rorty’s interpretation of Cartesian philosophy, the world is stripped of any divine dimension. Rorty explicitly appreciates this mechanistic worldview, insofar as it refrains from imposing spiritual, moral, or theological meanings upon reality, instead adopting a thoroughly materialistic outlook. At the same time, Descartes conceives the thinking substance as an immaterial and indubitable entity—clear and distinct—and thus establishes it as the foundation of epistemology. Rorty, however, criticizes this conception of the soul on two main grounds. First, he rejects the dualism between mind and body. Second, by adopting a form of non-reductive physicalism, he extends his critique to the notions of mind, epistemology, and, more broadly, the entire philosophical tradition that takes Cartesian thought as its starting point. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on library-based sources, this article seeks to articulate Rorty’s critique of Cartesian philosophy and to examine the fate of Descartes’ notion of the “man without a world” within Rorty’s philosophical framework.}, Keywords = {Substance, Body, Soul, Physicalism, Epistemology}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {139-166}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Abbaszadeh, Mahdi and Shokri, Zeynab}, title = {An Examination of the Arguments for the Discrepancy between Mulla Ṣadra’s and Ibn Sīna’s Views on the Issue of Gradation of Existence}, abstract ={The doctrine of the gradation of existence in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Transcendent Philosophy is articulated on the basis of several key philosophical principles, most notably the authenticity of existence and the notion of its shared content across instances. This doctrine is often regarded as one of Ṣadrā’s original contributions. However, its conceptual roots can be traced to earlier traditions, including logical discourse, Peripatetic philosophy, Illuminationist philosophy, and Islamic mysticism. In fact, Ṣadrāʾī gradation emerges through a critical transformation of these traditions: it transcends the Peripatetic notion of general gradation, develops Suhrawardī’s theory of the gradation of light, and incorporates the mystical idea of plurality within the unity of a simple and singular reality. Given Mullā Ṣadrā’s claim that his account of the gradation of existence does not contradict, but rather corresponds with, the view of Avicenna, it becomes essential to clarify the precise relationship between these two positions. Yet commentators on Transcendent Philosophy have not reached a consensus on this issue. Their interpretations can broadly be divided into two opposing camps: those who argue for a lack of correspondence, and those who maintain a form of correspondence or compatibility between the two doctrines. This study seeks to examine these competing interpretations by analyzing the arguments presented by commentators on Transcendent Philosophy, employing an analytical-rational method. It argues that Mullā Ṣadrā’s account does not, in most of his works, correspond to Avicenna’s position. Rather, the Sīnavī conception of gradation appears to be a specific instance of general gradation—one that remains compatible with the doctrine of the differentiation of existents—and is therefore more consistent with the foundational principles of Avicenna’s philosophy than with those of Mullā Ṣadrā.}, Keywords = {Gradation of existence, General gradation, Particular gradation, Mullā Ṣadrā, Ibn Sina}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {167-199}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {FathiTelgerd, Ali and SaeediMehr, Mohammad and FalahRafie, Ramazan Ali}, title = {Objective Ideas and Metatemporal Forms}, abstract ={One of the key proponents of the Platonic Forms theory during the Islamic period was the distinguished philosopher Mir Damad. He sought to reconcile Platonic Forms with the philosophical foundations he developed, namely huduth dahri (metatemporal creation) and al-qada’ al-‘ayni (objective decree). This article revisits the concept of Platonic Forms within Mir Damad’s "Yamani Wisdom" and explores how this theory fits into his broader intellectual framework. Mir Damad envisioned a cosmos consisting of three realms: sarmad (perpetuity), dahr (eternity), and zaman (time). Material entities, which exist within the sphere of time, are immutable in relation to the immaterial entities residing in the realm of dahr. In this sense, material and temporal entities maintain a fixed existence within dahr, and their being remains constant in relation to God. This existence of material phenomena in dahr forms the basis for what Mir Damad refers to as the "objective decree" (al-qada’ al-‘ayni), another of his unique philosophical contributions. For Mir Damad, material phenomena—though material in the dimension of time—possess a presential, unchanging existence before God in the sphere of dahr. This mode of existence of temporal beings in dahr essentially mirrors the concept of Platonic Forms.  }, Keywords = {Platonic Ideas, Mir Damad, Yamani Wisdom (al-Hikma al-Yamaniyya), Metatemporal Creation (Huduth Dahri), Objective Decree (Qada’ ‘Ayni)}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {201-220}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Norouzi, Abouzar and soltanirenani, sayedmahdi and AlAli, Seyyed Mohammad Adib}, title = {Analytical Comparison of Schleiermacher\'s Hermeneutics and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli\'s Methodology for Understanding the Quran}, abstract ={Hermeneutics is a field of inquiry concerned with the interpretation of sacred texts, including the Holy Qur’an, and in recent decades it has gained increasing prominence among commentators and scholars. Some thinkers have gone so far as to apply systematic methodological analysis to the understanding of divine scriptures in order to clarify the scope and foundations of this emerging discipline. For Muslims—particularly Qur’anic exegetes—the central concern has always been the proper understanding of this sacred and divine text. Throughout Islamic intellectual history, scholars have continuously sought reliable ways to uncover the meanings and intentions of the Qur’an, just as the interpretation of other sacred texts has been of paramount importance for adherents and thinkers within every religious tradition. In modern times, this concern has taken shape and developed within the framework of a formal scientific discipline known as hermeneutics, whose practitioners aim to formulate strategies and principles for textual understanding. Among the most influential figures in this field is Friedrich Schleiermacher, the Protestant theologian often described as the “Kant of hermeneutics.” Schleiermacher proposed a theory of general hermeneutics as a comprehensive solution for understanding all forms of texts, whether human or divine. Although Islamic scholars did not historically employ the term hermeneutics, the discipline of tafsīr (Qur’anic exegesis), as a core branch of the Islamic sciences devoted to understanding and interpreting the Qur’an, is deeply connected with hermeneutical discussions concerning textual comprehension.  }, Keywords = {General Hermeneutics, Sacred Hermeneutics, Schleiermacher, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {221-255}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Nazarnejad, Narges and NaziriKhameneh, Nooshin,}, title = {The Application of Islamic Philosophy in Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation}, abstract ={This article is the product of an interdisciplinary exploration in the field of applied philosophy. It aims to address how Islamic philosophy can be revitalized, moving beyond its traditional academic boundaries and becoming more relevant in everyday human life. The central hypothesis put forward here is that integrating Islamic philosophy into interdisciplinary studies is key to unlocking its potential. To investigate this idea, the article examines Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC), a well-known approach in philosophical counseling. After analyzing this method, the study shows how it could be a practical framework for addressing real-life human concerns using Islamic philosophy. Specifically, it highlights the fifth stage of LBTC, where the counselor introduces guiding principles and suggests remedies for distorted beliefs. This is where the ideas of Muslim philosophers can be effectively applied to help clients enhance their quality of life. The unique contribution of this article is its exploration of how Islamic philosophy can be woven into therapeutic settings, a perspective not widely explored before.}, Keywords = {Applied Philosophy, Elliot D. Cohen, Interdisciplinary Studies, Islamic Philosophy, Philosophical Counseling}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {257-289}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Dehghani, ami}, title = {Self-Knowledge: The Path to True Freedom in Transcendent Philosophy}, abstract ={This article seeks to address one of the central crises of contemporary humanity through the framework of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Transcendent Philosophy: namely, the question of the nature of true and authentic freedom—its path, its ultimate end, and its defining components and characteristics. Within this philosophical system, freedom can be understood as drawing near to the Infinite Truth. Building on this definition, the article offers a precise account of the meaning of “drawing near” (taqarrub) and clarifies the nature of the path that leads to freedom. In Transcendent Philosophy, the movement toward freedom—or, conversely, toward captivity—takes place within the human being itself, specifically within the domain of the soul (nafs). Accordingly, self-knowledge, or maʿrifat al-nafs, constitutes the true path to freedom. The individual who attains presential and intuitive knowledge of the self sets foot upon the path of liberation. As self-knowledge deepens, one’s degree of freedom and existential expansiveness correspondingly increases, since knowledge of the self is inseparably linked with knowledge of the Divine, the Infinite Truth. This process continues until the individual reaches the highest degree of freedom attainable for a human being. The definition of freedom as “drawing near to the Infinite Truth” can be distinguished from other conceptions of freedom by at least seven key characteristics: (1) a comprehensive understanding of human reality, (2) a firmly monotheistic foundation, (3) harmony with human innate nature (fiṭra), (4) an intrinsically ethical orientation, (5) a grounding in rationality and dignity, (6) adherence to divine law (sharīʿa), and (7) a teleological orientation toward an ultimate and meaningful end.  }, Keywords = {freedom, philosophy of freedom, self-knowledge, human nature, Mullā Ṣadrā, Transcendent Philosophy}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {291-340}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {RohiBarandagh, Kavoos and Zarinkolah, Elham}, title = {The Scope of Resurrection (Maʻād) and the Gathering (Ḥashr) of Beings, with Emphasis on the Views of Ibn ʻArabī, Ṣadr al-Mutaʼallihīn, and Allamah Ṭabāṭabāʼī}, abstract ={One of the significant dimensions of the doctrine of Resurrection is the concept of Gathering (Ḥashr) and its scope on the Day of Judgment. Given the importance of this issue in theological discourse, the present study employs a library-based method for data collection, a documentary approach for source citation, and a descriptive-analytical method for examining the problem. It identifies and extracts Qurʾānic verses related to the scope of non-human gathering and offers a comparative evaluation of the views of commentators from both major Islamic traditions (Shiʿi and Sunni), with particular focus on Ibn ʿArabī, Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn, and ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī. Their points of agreement and divergence are analyzed in detail. The findings indicate that, although some commentators—contrary to the apparent meanings of the verses, intra-Qurʾānic evidence, and rational arguments—restrict the concept of Gathering to human beings, others extend it to encompass all entities, including animals, inanimate objects, and angels. A third group remains non-committal on the issue. In the latter view, the Ḥashr of inanimate objects signifies a form of presence and, similar to angels, differs in meaning from Resurrection in its full theological sense.}, Keywords = {Qurʾān, commentators, universality of Ḥashr, teleology of creation, Ibn ʿArabī, Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn, ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {341-374}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Sarebannejad, Mohse}, title = {In the Darkness of Being: A Heideggerian Reading of “Dasein” and “Thrownness” in Sadegh Hedayat’s The Blind Ow}, abstract ={This article offers a Heideggerian reading of The Blind Owl, the most influential modern Persian novel by Sadegh Hedayat, as a literary embodiment of existential and phenomenological experience. Rather than interpreting the novel through psychological or symbolic lenses, this study approaches it as an ontological field in which the structures of Dasein—such as anxiety, death, thrownness, and alienation—unfold through narrative form and language. By drawing on Heidegger’s concepts of Being-in-the-world and Being-toward-death, the article argues that the narrator’s solitude, fragmented self, and disrupted temporality are manifestations of existential homelessness, where language ceases to function as the “house of Being” and instead becomes a site of estrangement. The methodology is interpretive–hermeneutical, focusing on a close textual analysis of the novel through the lens of phenomenological ontology. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that The Blind Owl transcends psychological despair and constitutes a modern literary exploration of the human condition in confrontation with nothingness. Through its fractured narrative and poetic ambiguity, Hedayat’s work transforms philosophical reflection into literary experience, allowing Being to reveal itself within the very darkness of existence.}, Keywords = {Heidegger, Dasein, Existentialism, Phenomenology, The Blind Owl}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {375-403}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mohajel, Ne}, title = {What Role Does a Teacher\'s Philosophical Insight Play in His Teaching?}, abstract ={This article aims to demonstrate how a teacher’s philosophical insight can significantly influence both teaching practice and the formation of the teacher’s and students’ intellectual outlook. In doing so, it explores how such insight shapes educational processes and contributes to meaningful learning. To this end, after clarifying the role of philosophical insight in teaching, the study examines five major philosophical orientations—realism, idealism, pragmatism, existentialism, and postmodernism—and analyzes how each perspective informs the teacher–student relationship within the classroom. The findings suggest that a teacher’s philosophical outlook functions as an inner guide, shaping both cognitive and emotional dimensions of teaching and learning. A central argument of this article is that drawing upon philosophical insight enables teachers to move beyond mechanical and lifeless instruction—often reduced to the mere transmission of information—and instead cultivate reflective, dynamic, and meaningful educational experiences. Teaching enriched by philosophical awareness brings a sense of intellectual vitality and engagement, leading to greater satisfaction for both teacher and students and fostering sustained intellectual growth in the classroom.  }, Keywords = {Teacher, Philosophical Insight, Student, Philosophical Schools, Education}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {405-436}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Armin and Mohammadi, Hamidrez}, title = {How to Realize Common Will Among Organizational Agents: A Conceptual Model Based on Sadrian Philosophy}, abstract ={The presence of a common will among the members of any organization significantly enhances both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of its productivity. The realization of such a shared will depends on a wide range of factors—social, psychological, physical, internal, and external—which must be examined from multiple disciplinary perspectives. This study seeks to draw upon Sadrian philosophy in order to propose a framework for the realization of a common will among organizational agents. The research addresses this question through an analysis of the process of human action grounded in the foundational principles of Sadrian thought. The findings indicate that the emergence of a common will can be expected when several key conditions are met: a homogeneous structure (shākeleh)—comprising both temperance in ingrained traits (malakāt) and shared beliefs—common understanding derived from shared cognitions, a shared body of accumulated knowledge and experience, growth within a unified social context accompanied by convergent social pressures, and the operation of motivating faculties under the full governance of practical reason. Moreover, the study shows that the degree to which agents actualize rationality directly corresponds to the degree to which a common will is realized, with minimal deviation. Finally, the research presents a conceptual model outlining the process through which a common will may be formed.  }, Keywords = {Productivity, Common Will, Sadrian Philosophy, Action, Shākeleh}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {437-467}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {MoosaviKhoeini, Ahmad and Mehrnia, Has}, title = {The Place of Reason in the Transition from the Aesthetic to the Ethical Sphere of Existence in Søren Kierkegaard’s Thoughtāṭabāʼī}, abstract ={This article examines a central aspect of Søren Kierkegaard’s existential thought: the problem of living in accordance with truth, with particular attention to the dialectical relationship between knowledge and will. Kierkegaard’s exploration of how to shape the human self and choose authentically is articulated through his theory of "spheres of existence." A key debate in this context concerns the “transition” from one stage of life to another, and the role of reason in this process. On the one hand, some scholars argue that the transition from the aesthetic to the ethical mode of existence is based on “criterionless choice.” On the other hand, some scholars consider this transition to be a rational decision, with an internalist approach to reasons for action suggesting that deliberation on motivations can bring about the transition. Drawing on Kierkegaard's anthropology, which posits a separation between thought and actuality, and emphasizing his epistemological approach that defines subjective knowledge, this article concludes that, from Kierkegaard’s perspective, the transition to the ethical sphere is rooted in reason. However, this reason expresses only the necessary condition for the transition: passionate will. It does not, by itself, actualize the transition.}, Keywords = {Kierkegaard, transition, aesthetics, ethics, reason, passion}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {469-500}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} }