@article{ author = {Rasoulipour, Rasoul and Younesi, Ary}, title = {Review of Historical Development of effect of Will on Knowledge}, abstract ={In this paper, we investigate the relation between Will and Knowledge especially the effect of the will on knowledge in its Western philosophical tradition. A short record of the issue from the ancient to the present time is offered and William James, a twentieth century American philosopher, is introduced as the criterion in this field. Therefore, the history of the issue is divided to three periods: “Before James”, “James”, and “After James”. The role of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer are narrated as two key philosophers in the first period and it is explained why they are not widely welcomed in this regard in the world of philosophy. Later, we examine the general lines of James’ theory especially his “The Will to Believe”. In this part, we show that some of James assumptions are not acceptable, although, his theory in general is defendable. Finally, we look at Quine’s thought as the philosopher who spread James’ teachings recently among the philosophers. We show that Quine’s naturalism, universalism, and even his naturalized epistemology have been influenced by James. At the end of this paper, the influential contemporary philosophers in this field are introduced.}, Keywords = {Will, Knowledge, Truth, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, James, Quine.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-22}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-21-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-21-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Qorbani, Qodratullah}, title = {Heidegger and Searching for the Meaning of Life}, abstract ={Searching for the meaning of life has a special significance in Heidegger;#39s thought. He, fulfilling this, first criticizes the meaning of life in modern thought and metaphysics due to their ignorance of reality of Existence. Then by emphasizing on fundamental ontology, he asks the question of reality of Existence which links with ontological analysis of human as Desein that worldhood is of his/her essential virtues. In this case, reviewing of existential virtues of human makes possible to determine the meaning of life, but Heidegger;#39s failure in establishing foundamental ontology is caused to pass over metaphysics and appealing to thought and poem. In his thought, in poem it is possible to speak of Existence and call for sacred worlds and gods through poets. Heidegger;#39s struggling, however, for searching the meaning of life has no satisfied result, since most of fundamental questions concerning the meaning of life which are about the place and role of God in human;#39s life, the aim of human;#39s life, possibility and quality of resurrection, moral values and the problem of evil, have not reasonable responses. There is only the question of human place which finds clear answer. In this paper, it is tried to study and analyze some aspects of Heidegger;#39s thought regarding searching for the meaning of life.}, Keywords = {The Meaning of Life, Ontology, God, Worldhood, Facticity, Desein, Thought}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-45}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-22-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-22-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Abbaszadeh, Mahdi}, title = {Certainty & Effect of Practice on It in the Quran}, abstract ={The Quranic epistemology is a realistic school. Certainty has two kinds including epistemological and psychological ones. Epistemological certainty is considered certainty philosophically and logically. Psychological certainty, however, is of convincing kind. In the Quran, certainty finally is the result of acquiring true knowledge inclined to hearty calm. So, the Quran has emphasized on both epistemological and psychological certainty. The Quranic certainty is not a simple belief or blind faith without reason. The Quran, also, impresses on extensive, direct and deep influences of human practice on knowledge and certainty. The Quran divides the effect of practices on knowledge into two parts: first, values and acts that have direct and positive effects on human knowledge second, anti-values and acts that have direct and negative effect on human knowledge and certainty. It seems that in the Quran, practical and theoretical dimensions are as two inseparable and ontological dimensions of human which have reciprocal relations, so far as, it is cleared that the effect of human act on his/her certainty and knowledge is more cognitive and theoretical factors. In fact, human knowledge and act are united in an ontological context. In the Quranic view, the pure knowledge can not get certainty since knowledge is not merely a logical and psychological fact but is a stage of human existence.}, Keywords = {The Quran, Knowledge, Certainty, Reason, Intuition, Act, Value.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-65}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-23-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-23-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Shokrollahi, Nader}, title = {Quine on Method of Epistemology}, abstract ={Quine says that the method of epistemology is not different from the method of empirical science and recommends that by using psychology, Psycholinguistics and Neurology, we shoud do epistemology. The reason of denial of distinction between the method of science and epistemology is the denial of a boundary between analytical propositions and synthetic propositions that rooted in his holism theory. This sameness of method is called naturalism and has two reasons: the first is the defect of the method of traditional empiricism that wanted to describe the structure of human knowledge on analytical method. The secend is the success of empirical science in many areas. In assessment of Quine;#39s theory, we can say that using different science, however, is important but his recommendation has weaknesses.That the new empirical science is successful in prediction do not show that it is true in it;#39s explanation. More or less, the old knowledge of human was successful in prediction but nowadays we believe they were wrong in their explanation. This epistemology that he is looking for is a new science that can not fulfill the duty of traditional epistemology that was looking for a criteria for truth, but only show the psychological manner and language of scientists. So we must look for a kowledge that is standing outsid the science and in a normative way can show the relation between kowledge and reality.}, Keywords = {method of epistemology, naturalism, empiricism, analitical, synthetic, holisem.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-85}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-24-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-24-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Existential Justice and the Problem of Evil}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-94}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Existential Justice and the Problem of Evil}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-94}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {HedayatAfza, Mahmou}, title = {Meditations on Self Evidence of Principality of Existence}, abstract ={It seems that Muslim philosophers, for salving some philosophical problems have claimed that some promises or concepts are self- evident. Of such problems is question of external actualization of existence or quiddity of things that some of thinkers argued that their views are self- evident. In this case, Sadrian philosophers under influence of Mulla Sadra, maintain that his view of the rule of principality of existence and credibility of Quiddity is self-evident. So far as in Mulla Sadra;#39s works, however, there are three meanings for principality of existence and credibility of quiddity, some of contemporary philosophers believe that only a special interpretation of that rule makes possible to be self -evident. In this paper, it is tried to show that most of believers in principality of existence have tried to consider own view as self-evident which sometimes is different from Mulla Sadra;#39s view and included of external composition of existence and quiddity. There are, also, other philosophers that their points of view concerning self-evidence of principality of existence is not acceptance of quiddities as external existents but they think quiddities are manifestations of ontological participations while their view can;#39t be accepted as self-evidence theory.}, Keywords = {Quiddity, Credibility, Mulla Sadra, Fayyazi, Concrete Composition, Rajab Ali Tabrizi, Bahmanyar, Shavahed}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-105}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-25-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-25-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {ShakouriNejad, Ehs}, title = {Faith from the Viewpoint of Qurān and New Testament}, abstract ={Tendency to faith is the most worthiness reality and fact in the history of human life. This causes human to gain internal relation to the absolute reality of existence with deep confidence. Hence, faith always illuminates the light of desire to this mundane and immortal happiness as divine grace to the human;#39s heart. Finally, not only human forgets himself and submits his desire to God;#39s will and commands, but also he reaches a high place which manifests all existential aspects of God;#39s essence. Therefore, in this research, considering the importance and status of important and influential Muslim and Christian scriptures, and using descriptive and analytical methods, it is tried to study the subject of the concept of faith and related issues. In the end, this research reaches the conclusion that these scriptures have the common viewpoint in the field.}, Keywords = {Religion, Islam, Christianity, Faith, Qurān, New Testament}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {104-122}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-26-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-26-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Aspects of Human Beings’ Needing to Religion & Revealed Teachings}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {119-146}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {RezaeiJahdkon, Mahdi}, title = {Heidegger on Aesthetics & Art: Art as Manifestation of Truth}, abstract ={ Philosophy of art and aesthetics has a special place for thinkers and philosophers. The importance of Heidegger;#39s view is his criticizing of metaphysics from Plato up to modern time and his unique views concerning aesthetics, from one hand, and his special points of view about the origin of Artistic work, poetic settling of human, and considering of art as salvation in the age of modern poverty and necessity of meditation on it. In this paper, it is tried to indicate how Heidegger rejects aesthetics;#39 approaches to art by using of his works. The main stressing of Heidegger;#39s concerning is that art is based on the concept of Thing that the way of understanding it is to start with its concept and the conception of Artistic Work which it is possible to consider it as beginning of metaphysics and transcending from it. The second way is to explain and interpret Thing as indicator of four existents including Heaven, Earth, Sacred beings and Mortals which is the result of human;#39s poetic creation and settlement. Finally, this is poetic that saves modern human in the contemporary hardship age which is the result of metaphysical thoughts and technology.}, Keywords = {Heidegger, Are, aesthetics, Settling, Poem}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {123-145}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-27-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-27-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {RaayatJahromi, Mohamm}, title = {The variation of theories of Truth in Continental and Analytical philosophies in 20th Century}, abstract ={Regardless of any geographical, theoretical and historical boundaries between two main domains namely analytical and continental philosophies on one hand and challenging nature of authority of science in its empirical conception, historicism, anti-metaphysics and systematization current on the other hand, which caused to theoretical diversion between that domains, For Wittgenstein and Gadamer, the language is a common field. Furthermore, correspondence, coherency and consistency are obsolete theories now and Truth is revealed as an intersubjective affair and result of dialogue within traditions and cultures.}, Keywords = {Truth, language, culture, continental and analytical philosophy.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-28}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-29-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-29-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Rezaeirah, Mohhamad Javad and Nosrati, Leil}, title = {The Source, Variety and the Structure of Gods Attributs Theories in Kalam}, abstract ={Some orientalists imput Mu;#39tazila’s doctrine to the foreign sources and say:  Mu;#39tazila’s teachings, such as free will, come from other traditions. They claim that Islam is the religion of the fate and destiny, and the Will of God is extended to every being in the universe, so Islam is a determinist religion and Mu;#39tazila’s defence of the free will cannot genuinely be raised from their teachings. This Paper is to show that the doctrine of free will is a genuine idea of Mu;#39tazila and different approaches among Muslim thinkers  towards the verses of the Quran, the Prophet’s narratives and the other internal factors formed the doctrines of determinism (compulsion), absolute free will (submission) and neither/nor (al-amr al- bain al-amrain). According to this research, the ideas of determinism and submission cannot be very much harmonized with the Islamic principles. The doctrine of “al-amr-al- bain al-amrain” is more justified by the Quranic verses and Islamic narratives.}, Keywords = {: Determininsm, Free will, Fate, Mu'tazila, Asha’irah}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-46}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mokhtari, Hamideh}, title = {The Study of Shariati’s Methodological Approach to Fundamental Principles of Religion}, abstract ={                      When a religion can take religious life background that believing in its fundamental principles is the result of epistemic convincing and intellectual certainty which that religion can open some ways to this goal. In Islam, being non-imitative and investigation are as fundamental principles of common claiming of inter-religious and extra-religious approaches. This matter from inter-religious approach is of important and necessaries of Islamic tradition. From extra-religious approach, when a religion provides the possibilities of its epistemic assessments in order to compare its claims to other religions, it has epistemic interesting and opens its way of rational legitimacy, while these investigative and non-imitative principles can be controversial. Methodological viewpoints of religion, in general, are assessable in two realms of demonstration and explanation, two realms that have different manifestations in plural methods. Philosophers try to demonstrate and sociologists try to explain these principles. Dr. Ali Shariai, as a religious sociologist, has tried to explain these principles. In this research, is studied the way of his encountering to the principles of religion in the form of methods of explanation and demonstration.}, Keywords = {Principles of Religion, Demonstration, Explanation, Inter-religious, Extra-Religious}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {47-66}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-31-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-31-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Tavakkoli, Sabah and Esfandeyari, Simi}, title = {The Explanation of Nature and Reason of Religion in Tabatabaei’s Thought}, abstract ={Allamah Tabatabaei considers religion as a definable fact from different aspects, and pays attention to its conceptual, structural and teleological definition. Based on this, for Tabatabaei, religion is a kind of method concerning social life that Human as social being takes it for getting happiness, and since, human’s life is not restricted to mundane life, this method is included of knowledge and laws that cover human mundane life and the hereafter happiness. The reason and necessity of religion, for Tabatabaei, is explained by his analysis of religion based on theory of human innate, human social identity and the hereafter life. Tabatabaei’s explanation, although, is adequate based on philosophical anthropology and human’s sociological analysis but is referred and inspired by religious texts. Therefore, religion is as the removing people’s disputes, and as the only provider of the laws of human’s happiness and encompassing of moral rules that have confidential guarantee through believing in divine origin and resurrection.}, Keywords = {Tabatabaei, Revealed Religion, The Hereafter, Human, Society, Law.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {67-84}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-32-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-32-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Kadkhodaei, Ahm}, title = {The Role of Reason and Revelation in Ghazzali’s Theological Thought}, abstract ={Reason and revelation, for Ghazzali, as two factors play a significant role in human’s epistemic system. He justifies recognizing religious and theological issues by reason and revelation. According to Ghazzali’s theological thought, some of religious beliefs need to rational confirmation. Ghazzali is of Ash’ari thinkers that as a theologian, tries to make agreement between rational and transmitted affaires. His approach to reason, meantime considering its restrictions, is mostly positive. His thinking of transmitted and revealed teachings, but, is caused to form his thought based on religious principles like the Quran and Hadith. He believes that reason can’t take human’s happiness, and descends the position of reason for discovering and intuition. Therefore, Ghazzali thinks that issues concerning spiritual universe, heaven and the earth are related to revelation, since he believes that only who can receive revelation that his soul will be perfected and inspiration in its lower part. Legitimacy and credibility of reason and revelation has more important place. He makes a deep link between reason and revelation. So, reason and revelation is considered as the best supporter of religion.}, Keywords = {Revelation, Reason, Theological, Intuition, Ghazzali, Hadiths.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {85-106}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-33-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-33-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {SheikhShoaei, Abbas and Khodadadi, Hossei}, title = {Comparative Study on Foundametalism in Suhrawardi and Tabatabaei’s Thoughts}, abstract ={Suhrawardi and Allamah Tabatabaei are as two famous philosophers of Islam that have introduced some new philosophical theories and are fundamentalist in epistemology. Although none of them have not used the term fundamentalism, but inference of their philosophical contexts indicates fundamentalism as a philosophical subject matter for them. In this paper, it is tried to discuss on their viewpoints of fundamentalism and similarities or differences between them. The aim of the research is to explain the process of growth of epistemology in Islamic philosophy. These two philosophers, are selected as two criteria Suhrawardi as a sample after peripatetic philosophy as a philosopher who introduced new theories, and Tabatabaei as the first Muslim contemporary philosopher who propounded epistemology as independent philosophical subject. Hence, it is clear that comparison of their thought in epistemology shows a kind of rationalization and progress in epistemology among Islamic philosophers. In this research, we try only to concentrate on their fundamentalism and discuss on self-evident concepts and Presential Knowledge, in order to clarify their epistemological aspects from Suhravardi and Tabatabaei’s fundamentalist philosophy.}, Keywords = {Suhrawardi, Tabatabaei, Epistemology, Fundamentalism, Self-Evidents, Presential Knowledge.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-126}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-34-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-34-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Navaki, Behz}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {127-154}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-35-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-35-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Akvan, Mohamm}, title = {How the World Come into Being and its Relation to God in Timaeus}, abstract ={Plato in his Timaeus Dialogue raises the question of the genesis of the world and its relation to God, one of his most fundamental theories, with a different approach to his other dialogues. Although he has elaborated on this important issue in his other Writings, however, Plato’s approach and method in Timaeus dialogue is based on natural science, which was prevalent in Greece at the time. In this article is attempted to analyze and explain the issue of the genesis of the world and its foundations by committing t0 the content of Timaeus. Plato’s theory in Timaeus is based on three fundamental principles: the world of Ideas, the becoming of the world, and Demiurge as the representative of reason which implies the purposefulness of the universe. Plato explains the relation of the world of Ideas and the world of becoming to the wise intellect, and in this way seeks to undermine the foundations of the materialist theory of Democritus, which was one of the most important scientific theories of the time, and explains the world according to the principle of purposefulness, which has no place in the thought of Democritus, and establishes new cosmological principle.}, Keywords = {The World of Ideas, world of becoming, reason, Demiurge, Democritus, purposefulness, necessity, causality, Timaeus.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-38}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.7}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Abbaszadeh, Mahdi}, title = {Heidegger and Mulla Sadra\'s Non-Conceptual Understanding of Existence}, abstract ={The important German thinker Heidegger and the great Iranian philosopher Mulla Sadra have both made "existence" and the way it is perceived central to their thinking and philosophy. Heidegger argues that the period of Western metaphysics from Plato to the modern age is entirely a period of neglect of existence; because existence in it, find a conceptual and categorical form, and its reality is hidden. Mulla Sadra also believes that most of the earlier philosophers were involved in the discussion of essence and somehow marginalized existence. In this respect, the way they both look at the issue of existence is in many ways the same; In particular, both thinkers emphasize the need for a non-conceptual and presential view of existence and deny conceptual and categorical understanding of it, or at least do not consider such a view to be an accurate and complete view. Of course, due to the difference in specific culture and intellectual space of each of these two thinkers, there are some differences between their thinking in the discussion of existence and its perception, as the difference between the two in the issue of nothingness is also significant.}, Keywords = {Heidegger, Mulla Sadra, Existence, Existent, Essence, Nothingness, Knowledge, Presential.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {39-68}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.39}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {NaseriSadr, Zolfaghar}, title = {Existential Justice and the Problem of Evil}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-94}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.69}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Fallah, Muhammad Mahdi}, title = {God in Paul Tillich’s Thought.......}, abstract ={Paul Tillich is known as one of the prominent contemporary theologians. His reflections on reason, revelation, culture, and Christ had a great impact on theological and philosophical thoughts and have opened up new horizons in theological thinking. From his early works in Germany until his later works in the USA, Tillich had a special notion about God and has engaged with its different dimensions. He attempts to analyses the concept of God in accordance with the new conditions of the world, and through this attempt express his critic to the traditional and contemporary theological thesis about God. In this article, we illustrate Tillich’s notion of God and the implications that lead him toward this kind of encountering the subject under discussion here. Among Tillich’s works, there can be found four terms attributed to God and in this article, we will discover the relationship between these terms. It seems that Tillich’s notion of Gods relies on methodological, ontological, and linguistic foundations which will be reviewed at the starting of this article. Eventually, we will mention the impact of Tillich’s notion of God in his other reflections, especially in the realm of culture.}, Keywords = {Paul Tillich, God, Being-itself, Ontology, Ultimate Concern.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {95-118}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.95}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Qorbani, Qodratullah}, title = {Aspects of Human Beings’ Need to Religion & Revealed Teachings}, abstract ={Essential epistemic and nonepistemic restrictions of human being, is necessitated his/her fundamental needing to the religion and revealed teachings. In this case, it can be possible to divide his/her needings to individual and social ones. The role of religion pertained to individual needings is considered in needings like answering to human being’s fundamental questions, making sense of life, guarranting moral acts and explaining the life after death in detail. Its role regarding social needings is related to defining criteria of just life, and rules of ideal governing. In this case, the defect of human being’s intellect for providing just comprehensive laws, is led to pay more attention to the role of revealed teachings. So that some thinkers consider this as the philosophy of prophethood. Finally efficient role of religion, when is clarified that its teachings can have infallible and revelatory origin that such virtues can especially be seen in the Quran. In this paper, after explaining some kinds of human being’s needings, with emphasizing on individual and social ones, is paid attention to the role of religion and revealed teachings for answering such needings. The result of our research is that human being’s essential limitations is led to play God’s effective role. So revealed teachings have the best answers regarding human being’s needinfs, and providing his/her happiness and immortality.}, Keywords = {Human Being, God, Religion, Meaning of Life, The Quran, Individual and Social needings.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {119-146}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.119}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Fatemeh and FallahiAsl, Hossein and Asgari, Masou}, title = {Critical Assessing of Schopenhauer’s Metaphysics}, abstract ={Schopenhauer emphasizes on concepts as will entity, teleology, eroticism, pleasure, invisible will and beings languish in his metaphysics; while it is contradiction making clear all this of direction him. Say when discussion is over invisible will nature, Schopenhauer insist to indirection that, while in ealse realms he attribute an unconscious purposeful to that. This is evident example of that: " yearling bird doesn't have any imaginary of eggs that build nest for them; young spider doesn't have any imaginary of hunting that weave gossamer for that; eater doesn't have any imaginary of ant to dig cavity after that first time, and … will is ongoing in action of this fauna clearly". Schopenhauer doesn't front to this question that how is possible an unconscious driftage identicalness itself in a world pregnant purposeful action. And of course in world that any little bit and any movement of that following from newton physic rules.}, Keywords = {will entity, teleology, eroticism, pleasure, invisible will, painstaking}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {147-166}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.147}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Yadullah}, title = {Critique of David Griffin on All-Determining Theism about the Problem of Evil}, abstract ={In this article is discussed David Griffin critiques the view of traditional theism about the problem of evil. They believes in omnipotence of God and believe that God can eradicate evils. But because they are not genuine evils or they are effective in creating the best possible world, it does not take any action in this direction. But Griffin considers their reasons to be indefensible, irrational and incompatible. Because their theory require that first: God be responsible for all the evils and suffering in the world, that contradicts the attribute of God's benevolence. Secondly; it lead to the denial of the genuine evils. While every human being with common sense accepts at least the reality of some of them (evils). Even thought they are literally denied. Griffin's view on justifying the evil of the world is that God is not omnipotent. Because all entities both big and tiny have inherent power by which they resist and persist against the power and action of God and God can not defeat the evils created them of course. God's is simply to persuade beings not coerce them indirection of desired goals.}, Keywords = {All –determining theism, Problem of evil, David Griffin, Actual Entity.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {167-184}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.167}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Akhavannabavi, Qasem}, title = {What is Scientific Study of the Religion}, abstract ={Scientific study of Religion; Interdisciplinary studies, which study religion, and empirically study the behavior and thinking of religious people, without wanting to advocate a particular opinion. Hence it differs from theology and Kalam in this respect. Because in theology and theology they explain and defend certain ideas; But in scientific theology, from a non-religious point of view, the behavior and beliefs of religious people are described and explained.The issues raised in scientific study of Religion can be categorized around two issues; One is the discussion of the origin of religion and the other is the discussion of the function of religion. In terms of methodology, there are two basic approaches in scientific theology; one is the explanatory method and the other is the interpretive method. Each of these methods is based on principles and assumptions that seem necessary to discuss.What is intended in this article is to explain what scientific theology is, the goals and necessities, issues, principles and assumptions of scientific theology approaches. Scientific study of Religion, principles and presuppositions, paradigms, nature of theology.}, Keywords = {Religion, Scientific Study, Theology, Sociology.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {185-212}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.185}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {HekmatMehr, Muhammad Mahdi}, title = {An Analyzing on Audience Encountering with Artistic Work based on Transcendent wisdom}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {213-240}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.213}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Seyed Shahabaldi}, title = {The Problem of Evil and the Creation of Satan in the Good System with Emphasize on Sadra\'s Philosophy}, abstract ={The issue of shame has always been a challenge for humanity and has brought with it many questions. One of the important questions, to which an important part of the philosophy of religion has been devoted, is the compatibility of evil such as the creation of Satan with God. There is no doubt that the creation of Satan and his existence is pure, On the other hand, we know that the system of creation and the world of creation is the best possible system and the best system that God created in order to be pure good. It occurs in this season that the world of creation, which is the best system, fits in with the creation of Satan, who is pure shame, and why God, who is pure good, Satan creates that the act of seduction is to mislead and mislead people, under the good order that God provides all the means of human development. And the creation of a creature such as Satan is not compatible with the mature wisdom of God and the existence of a good system; in other words, God's benevolence is challenged by the creation of Satan, which is pure shame. Philosophers, and especially Mulla Sadr, based on the principles of transcendent wisdom, believe that God created Iblis, who is a creature of beings, and that this creature has authority, Through the will and the will, he takes the path of misguidance and leads others to temptation and misguidance, Existence is itself recent, and as it relates to us humans, it is evil.}, Keywords = {Evil, Creation of Satan, Good System, Sadra's philosophy.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {241-260}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.241}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Asadinia, Saham}, title = {Comparison of Place of Reason and Its Relationship with Faith according to Allama Feydh Kashani and Thomas Aquinas}, abstract ={Proaches of Feydh Kashani and Thomas Aquinas inIn this essay, we seek to comparatively study the field of place of reason, revelation and relation of these factors with each other based on a descriptive-analytic method. Feydh Kashani and Thomas Aquinas as two influential Muslim and Christian theologians within the framework of their own religious principles, contrary to the current notion of the theologians, have never denied or reproached or neglected rational knowledge. The understanding of these two theologians of reason seems to have many similarities including deficiency and potentiality of rational knowledge, role of rational knowledge in providing the path for revelation of human natural tendency towards the knowledge of God and reaching divine vision. The present study shows that regardless of the differences that are concerned with the intellectual contexts of these two thinkers, in their ideas, we can see some common notions like significance and limitation of intellection, dependency of rational knowledge on divine mercy and effusion, insistence on the superiority of revealed knowledge over rational knowledge and depiction of end of cordial knowledge based on vision of divine essence. Of course, according to these two thinkers, knowledge alone is never deciding and knowledge along with the promotion of faith that is the result of divine effusion leads to the highest level of faith, i.e. reaching the status of divine purity.}, Keywords = {Reason, Faith, Feydh, Aquinas, Revelation, Divine Mercy, Vision.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {261-280}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.261}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Arezaee, Hame}, title = {Philosophical Approach to Knowledge in Allame Tabatabaei’s Thought; its Consequences and Implications for Classification of Knowledge}, abstract ={"Classification of knowledge" is one of the most important issues in philosophical epistemology. Considering a comprehensive taxonomy of knowledge is prerequisite to be a scientist; therefore, many philosophers have tried to establish as a classification based on certain philosophical and logical foundations. By the same token, many philosophers in the Islamic ages, especially Allame Tabatabaei, have presented specific classifications according to their philosophical attitudes. This study tries to carry out a detailed analysis of classification of knowledge based on Allame Tabatabaei and an abstract of his principles, by which he argues about subject, method and objectives of various ramifications of knowledge as well as Human faculties of Understanding.}, Keywords = {Classification of knowledge, Epistemology, Allame Tabatabaei, Theory of knowledge, Philosophy of science.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {281-316}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.1.281}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Faraji, Alirez}, title = {Faith, Death, And Meaning of Life in Thought of Kierkegaard and Sartre}, abstract ={In existentialism philosophy that is includes faithfulness and atheism, human argument has a special position. In other hand various viewpoints in God subject give special attractiveness to this philosophy. So regarding to faithful fundamental thinks of Kierkegaard and in its front point regarding to atheism methods of Sartre as two effective thinkers of in contemporary philosophical thinks, and in specific case, existentialism, in this paper it had tried that human authenticity and its relation to God existence, be study and analyzed. So, regarding to places of both philosophers about God, authentically factors in human had been studied and relations between human kinds and distinct them from each other, or in other words social and individual places of human also been studied and were answered in forms of different questions. For example, Kierkegaard introduce true faithful to God as the key of human authenticity, in which the human individuality is in before the God. And to Sartre, the bad faith and trooping in existence in being in it, instead of human authenticity to being for itself is authenticity factor to human, and for him, God faithful can had an effective rule in human authenticity.        }, Keywords = {Kierkegaard, Sartre, Faith, Atheism, Death, meaning of life}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-32}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.7}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mirbagheri, Mohammad and Lavaei, Shaker}, title = {The necessity of the resurrection of beings and the detailed study of the resurrection of animals from the point of view of transcendent wisdom}, abstract ={Every possible existence in the system of divine creation requires two things: one is the agent to be created and the other is the goal and end to move towards it. Basically, the requirement of a causal system is nothing but this. Moving towards the end and goal, regardless of the type of beings, is an inherent feature of every possible existence. Based on the refusal of sequence in the circle of causes, this end eventually leads to an end that itself no longer has an end, and that end is the ends and the same obligatory existence. Animals are no exception to this rule because of their potential. According to the verses of the Qurchr('39')an and the hadiths of the Infallibles, this matter has been expressed in various ways. This return to the final end, which is interpreted as "resurrection", is divided into two species in the case of animals according to their nature. Either we encounter animals in the world that have imagination and memory, that their resurrection takes place independently, or animals that are only in the level of sense and do not rise above it, that they do not have an independent insect, and that they return only to their Lord of sorts. is. Thus, the common denominator of all animals is the resurrection to the final destination and their distinction in the independence or non-independence of their insects according to their existence.}, Keywords = {Possible existence, objective, Resurrection, Animals, imagination, retention,, feeling, nature, godhead}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-56}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.33}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Neo-Sadrian Versions of The Truthful Argument and Their Innovation}, abstract ={Dear Chief Editor, I translated the title and added this line as a test. by A.Y.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-82}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.57}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {asadinia, saham}, title = {Happiness and Its Relationship with Religion in the Thought of Ibn Sina and Feydh Kashani}, abstract ={In the present essay, using an analytic-comparative method and focusing on the ideas of Avicenna and Feydh Kashani, we seek to show that in Islamic approach both from philosophical and theological perspectives, happiness has a close relationship with the problem of religiosity. However, Avicenna and Feydh have adopted different modes of expression for dealing with the latter problem. Upon reflection on the words of Avicenna that include the philosophical and rationally grounded method and its point of strength is taking advantage of the independent reason, we see that the rationality itself is understood in terms of divine connection while Feydh insists on the problem of faith and divine guidance. Nevertheless, these two thinkers despite their different intellectual orientations have reached common conclusions of the otherworldly end of man. Accordingly, Avicenna by his philosophical approach and Feydh by his theological method, have shown that happiness is the highest end that man can struggle after it. Thus, both thinkers show that there is a close relationship between practical reason and moral life of people; although in explanation of happiness, Avicenna introduces understanding of intelligible truths as the foundation and axis of one’s understanding of happiness, existential perfections and more importantly, happiness in general, have their origin in Absolute Perfection}, Keywords = {Happiness, Religion, Reason, Virtues, Avicenna, Feydh Kashani.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-108}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.83}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Fatemeh and Falahiasl, Hossein and Asgari, Masu}, title = {A Critique of Schopenhover\'s View on Authority}, abstract ={Schopenhauer believes In his metaphsics that everything in the world as determined by the will,under the principle of sufficient reason and the time and the place, and necessarily become objective. Naturally, the human will as the moral foundation should follow the principle of sufficient reason and objectivity will necessarily, In this case, the fundamental moral Schopenhauer is excluded because the ethics need to freedom and stay out of the realm of  the principle of sufficient reason. He goes to side separation nomen and phenomen that resolve this obstacle with establish term Liberum arbitrium indiffentiae and attribute liberty to nomen; while human will as the base of morality located in realm phenomen and under the principle of sufficient reason and the time and the place. Therefore followes of necessity and is not free. Other subject is that Schopenhauer believes that human will is freedom capacity being and substance not capacity act; while liberum arbitrium prove in morality realm through freedom in acts. Therefore Schopenhauer problem doesn't solve with mere accept freedom capacity being and substance.  }, Keywords = {Schopenhauer, Morality, Will, Principle of sufficient reason, Liberum arbitrium, Necessity}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {109-134}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.109}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Aqamohamadreza, Maryam}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {135-160}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.135}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {najba, nafiseh}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-178}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.161}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {jahromi, raayat and mohammapur, marzieh}, title = {Kant\'s Conception of Religion and Ethics with Reference to "Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone"}, abstract ={Immanuel Kant, with the religious grounds of piety in the book of religion within the limits of reason alone, describes his desired religion in terms of the nature and mechanism of action and the duality of human nature in terms of goodness and evil that, after a struggle between the two principles of good and evil, ultimately leads to the overcoming of good and the establishment of the rule of God on earth. It can be said that his religious system is to improve human beings and to supplement his moral system. Eventually, the floodwaters of good will must be joined together and form the common moral community. It can be said that his religious system is for the purpose of reforming mankind and complements his moral system. Eventually, the floodwaters of good will should be joined together and form a common moral community, because salvation for Kant is an extremely influential process, and ultimately, Divine grace ensures this community. In this regard, he uses ethics, Christianity, the Church, and the Bible as a prototype and a tool for a pure moral religion. However, we face a kind of religious reduction, but surely he seeks to find the appropriate answer for todaychr('39')s human needs. Kantchr('39')s thought can be seen as an example of human self- Autonomy that has been able to interpret the truth and realities of Important, such as religion, with the focus on man being.}, Keywords = {religion, ethics, Good, Evil, Ethical religion}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-204}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.179}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Azam and Younesi, Ary}, title = {Free will and Creation of actions from Fakhr Razi’s viewpoint}, abstract ={Free will issue has been discussed in Islamic Theology (Kalām) as “the creation of action”, a controversy which divides Islamic theological schools. Fakhr Razi as an Ash’arite Theologian put it under scrutinize in some of his own theological works. Although he is an Ash’arite theologian, but denied “acquisition (Kasb) theory” based on the principle of excluded middle. He, then, to prove that creatures cannot create actions, i.e., God creates actions for human beings, advanced a few arguments. In this paper his arguments will be discussed and studied to assess their authenticity. He held that if creatures were the creators of their own acts, they would know the details of action, e.g., if I wanted to go from A to B, I would know how many meters I have to pass to reach B. But this implication, which Razi took it for granted is not true; because I can go from A to B without knowing how many meters I have to pass. Thus the argument could be refuted. In another argument, he put the idea forward that when there is a “motivation”, the agent cannot avoid that motivation; thus s/he will do what the motivation provokes. Therefore, there is not such a thing as free will. It will be concluded that Razi holds a kind of determinism based on what express so far.}, Keywords = {Fakhr Razi, creation of human actions, details of the action, motivation}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {205-228}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.205}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hedayatafza, Mahmu}, title = {Conceptual analysis of the title of the nomashshaei Wisdom and its application to Rajabali Tabrizi}, abstract ={The lack of a history of the philosophy of Muslim thinkers has led philosophers to neglect some schools of thought and various views, especially the later thinkers of Mirdamad, who have either been completely neglected or misrepresented. In the meantime, several intellectual systems were established in opposition to the teachings of Mulla Sadra, the first of which was the Rajabali School of Tabriz. He had a special mastery of Mashachr('39')i thought, especially the Sinai books. In accordance with the new issues that had been crystallized in his time, he tried to promote the literature of Mashachr('39')i philosophy by reinterpreting some of the basics of Mashachr('39')i thought and re-reading some terms. . However, Tabrizi, in order to present the contents, presented a rational argument for each claim and adhered to the peripatetic method; However, as a researcher, he did not limit himself in any way to the sources of the peripatetics and took ideas from the sources of other thinkers, especially the religious teachings; Therefore, as Henry Carbone pointed out to us, the content of Tabrizi teachings is called "wisdom" because it was formed in the context of Imami culture and was effective in collecting data, raising questions and even the perspective of answers, influenced by religious texts. In general, in terms of the two positions of collection and presentation, it is worthwhile to call the thoughtful school of Tabriz "the wisdom of nomashshaei."}, Keywords = {Mulla Sadra's Critics, Mashaei's Method, Henry Carbone, The Distinction of Research from Presentation}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {229-256}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.229}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {akhavannabavi, qasem}, title = {Virtue and the function of religion}, abstract ={The issue addressed in this article is the study of the explanation of the function of religion on the basis of virtue. Explain that one of the issues facing theologians; That is, despite the opposition to religion, why do people tend to religion, and what is the role and function of religion for human beings?  Various approaches have been proposed to explain this issue, one of which has been reconsidered is the virtuous approach. This approach has been applied in fields of study such as philosophy of science, epistemology, ethics and philosophy of religion, and some experts in these fields, based on virtuosity, have examined the issues raised in these fields of study accordingly. According to this approach, virtues are divided into two types: one is rational virtues, and the other is normative and moral virtues. Considering that these virtues are also mentioned in religious teachings. It seems that based on this approach, the function of religion can be explained based on "inference through the best explanation", so in this article, after a brief statement of this approach, the issue of the function of religion is examined and explained on this basis. To be placed.}, Keywords = {Virtue, Rational Virtues, Moral Virtues, The Functioning of Religion, Teleology}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {257-280}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.257}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Shakurinezhad, Ehs}, title = {Religious Life from the Point of View of the Vatican Council}, abstract ={The Vatican Council Statement II seems to be the Catholic Churchchr('39')s most important encounter with post-Renaissance Enlightenment issues. Before that, a true believer was someone who devoted himself exclusively to serving Christ in the church, and a Christian outside the church was considered a second-class citizen. But after this statement, the communities outside the church were accepted by the church, and according to this decree, the Christians of these communities could also dedicate themselves to the service of Christ. Now, reading the article raises the issue in the minds of the audience that the Catholic Church has been in a weak position in the face of the achievements of the modernity, or since the beginning of the history of Christianity has misunderstood the principles of genuine Christianity, or ignored it have been. According to the translator, any accurate answer to this fundamental question can be a guide to the correct and worthy confrontation.}, Keywords = {Christianity, Religious Life, Vatican II.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {281-307}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, doi = {10.52547/mi.1.2.281}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Quintern, Detlev}, title = {Ibn Khaldūn and Karl Marx Philosophy of History in face of Gaza in Palestine}, abstract ={Ibn Khaldūn and Karl Marx developed a philosophy of history in times and places that fall far apart. While  Khaldūn understood the core of historical movements in values of social cohesion and solidarity (asabiyya), Marx based historical materialism on the development of productive forces throughout human history. Social cohesion as a driving force of history versus the history of class struggles which led to a circular conception of history on the one hand and a linear one on the other. In the face of genocide carried out with artificial intelligence in Gaza in Palestine, and the projection of dystopian urban designs of a Sunrise City in Gaza, philosophy of history is challenged to reflect on the course of history and to think about possible alternatives. .}, Keywords = {Ibn Khaldūn, Asabiyya, Karl Marx, philosophy of history, Gaza in Palestine, Imperiocene}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-400-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-400-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Ahmadizade, Has}, title = {Rational Solutions to the Incompatibility between God\'s Absolute Knowledge and Human Free Will: A Critical Survey}, abstract ={When the attribute of absoluteness is ascribed to various divine attributes, especially God's mercy and knowledge, it presents the meaning and concept of divine attributes with various philosophical and theological difficulties. This difficulty is further accentuated when considering the relationship between God's absolute attributes and certain human attributes, particularly free will. Throughout the history of Islamic and Christian theology, thinkers have offered numerous analyses and solutions in response to this theological-philosophical challenge. These solutions can be broadly categorized as rational or faith-based, with the former relying on rational arguments and the latter based on revealed teachings in sacred texts. In this study, we will attempt to trace the most important rational solutions in Islamic and Christian theology and, by placing them within a framework of ten solutions, critically evaluate their level of rational robustness. Some of these rational solutions have proponents in both Islamic and Christian theology, while others have been proposed only within one of these two approaches. Among the most prominent of these solutions are the following theories: the dependence of knowledge on the known, God's timelessness, the impossibility of God's actions being deterministic, possible worlds, and likening God's knowledge to that of a close friend.  }, Keywords = {Absolute Knowledge, Free Will, Theology, Reason, Faith}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Qorbani, Qodratullah}, title = {Challenges Facing the Critical Approach to Theological Systems}, abstract ={Theological systems encompass religious texts, believers' interpretations of these texts, and the religiosity of the faithful. Among the significant challenges to adopting a critical approach to theological systems are: the failure to distinguish between religious texts, religious knowledge, and religiosity; the dominance of exclusivist views of religion; extreme sanctimoniousness; the spread of religious populism; the prioritization of rituals and ceremonies over religious beliefs; personality-centric religiosity and neglect of the main message of religion; emotionalism and excitement-driven attitudes; the prevalence of imitative over investigative perspectives; and the professionalization of religion. Examining these challenges, identified inductively, helps us gradually transition from a dogmatic and non-critical view of theological systems to a critical and dialogue-oriented approach. Such a shift marks the beginning of accepting the reality of critique in the realm of religion and theological systems, leading to significant advancements.  }, Keywords = {Theological Systems, Religion, Religious Knowledge, Religiosity, Exclusivism, Sanctimoniousness, Dialogue.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Abbasalinejad, Pouri}, title = {Reconstructing the Environmental Ethics of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ}, abstract ={This paper reconstructs an environmental ethical framework from the thought of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, a 10th- (or 9th-) century group of Islamic philosophers known as the Brethren of Purity. Drawing on selected epistles from the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ wa Khullān al-Wafāʾ, we argue that their Neoplatonically inspired cosmology, anthropology, and educational project can be systematically articulated as a four-axiom model of “hierarchical stewardship.” Methodologically, the study adopts a textual–conceptual reconstruction: contemporary categories from environmental ethics (such as intrinsic value, anthropocentrism, and ecocentrism) are used as analytical tools, without attributing them anachronistically to the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ themselves. We propose four core principles: the intrinsic value of all living beings; the higher but responsibility-laden intrinsic value of humans; the moral standing of ecological wholes within an organic, world-soul cosmology; and an educational response to environmental crises understood as crises of knowledge and character. We then examine several objections concerning anthropocentrism, the pre-modern metaphysical background, practical applicability, historical distance, and environmental justice, and suggest how the Ikhwānian framework can be critically adapted rather than simply repeated. We conclude that, although historically situated and metaphysically robust, the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s vision offers a distinctive Islamic contribution to contemporary environmental ethics by integrating a holistic ontology, graded intrinsic value, and a strong emphasis on moral and spiritual education as the basis for responsible human stewardship of the natural world.  }, Keywords = {Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, Environmental ethics of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, environmental philosophy, intrinsic value}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Shafi'ei, seyyedRuhollah}, title = {Between Correspondence and Utility; (Q. 8:43) and the Criteria of Prophetic Dreams’ Truthfulness in the Qur’an}, abstract ={The present paper touches on an ignored notion concerning (Q. 8:43). The point is that the truthfulness of the prophetic dream reported in it, unlike other dreams reported both in the Qur’an and other sacred texts of Abrahamic religions, should be evaluated and justified by the pragmatic criterion, not correspondence one. Referring to the importance of prophetic dreams in the Abrahamic religions, including Qur’an and Islamic traditions, this paper examines the criterion of their truthfulness, using the philosophical classification of truth theories presented in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The main idea of this part is that they all are evaluable just by the correspondence criterion. Then, it is pointed out that what should be applied for the number of Muhammad’s unbeliever enemy troops mentioned in (Q. 8:43) is the pragmatic criterion. Furthermore, a major complementary part of this paper is devoted to a comparative study of the Muslim exegetes’ viewpoints about this problem and an analysis of its historical evolutionary course, in the light of the explanations provided already. It seems that, if the presented arguments are accepted, this paper can show one of the unique epistemological aspects of the Qur’an, especially in the field of revelation and prophecy.}, Keywords = {Truth theories, Correspondence, Prophetic Dreams, Truthfulness, Qur’an}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Husseini, Hass}, title = {Presential Knowledge and the Justification Gap: A Third-Way Epistemology from Mullā Ṣadrā\'s Transcendent Philosophy}, abstract ={The divide between internalism and externalism constitutes one of contemporary epistemology's fundamental impasses regarding epistemic justification. Internalists ground justification in reflective accessibility but fail to secure the connection between belief and objective reality; externalists establish this connection through reliable processes yet deprive epistemic subjects of direct access to justificatory grounds. This article argues that Mullā Ṣadrā al‑Shīrāzī's (1571–1640 CE) theory of presential knowledge (ʿilm ḥuḍūrī) in his Transcendent Philosophy (al‑Ḥikma al‑Mutaʿāliya) provides a genuine third alternative satisfying both requirements. Unlike contemporary theories treating knowledge as a mental state, presential knowledge constitutes an immediate existential relation where the knower is directly present to the known, without conceptual mediation or representational imagery. Grounded in the principles of the primacy of existence (aṣālat al‑wujūd) and substantial motion (al‑ḥaraka al‑jawhariyya), this knowledge‑type provides a non‑derivative justificatory base that is argued here to secure both existential access and a constitutive link to truth without reducing to standard internalist or reliabilist accounts. Through systematic analysis of primary sources (al‑Asfār al‑Arbaʿa, al‑Shawāhid al‑Rubūbiyya) and critical engagement with Goldman, BonJour, and Sosa, and employing an analytical‑comparative methodology that reconstructs and assesses Ṣadrā’s arguments against contemporary justificatory frameworks, this study demonstrates how presential knowledge transcends the internalism–externalism dichotomy by dissolving the epistemic gap at its foundation: the soul's presence to reality is not a secondary relation but existence's own structure. The paper further sketches how fallible, acquired propositional knowledge relates to and is epistemically grounded in these presential bases.}, Keywords = {presential knowledge, Mullā Ṣadrā, internalism, externalism, epistemic justification, Transcendent Philosophy.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Najafi, Rouhollah}, title = {A Critique of Six Examples of Qur\'anic Citation in the Bahá\'í sect}, abstract ={A thousand years after the death of Imam Hasan al-ʿAskarī and the beginning of the occultation era, a cleric from Shiraz named Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad proclaimed the end of the occultation and declared himself first as the Qa'im and then as a prophet. After his execution, Mīrzā Ḥusayn ʿAlī Nūrī continued the movement that had arisen and likewise claimed to be the promised prophet. Thus, the newly formed Bahá'í religion came into being and added to the scope of religious disputes. Promoters of the Bahá'í creed, in their efforts to propagate their beliefs, have at times cited verses of the Qur'an, speaking of the return of Jesus the prophet, the coming of the clarification of the Qur'an in the future, the covenant of the Prophet of Islam to affirm later prophets, the promise of the destruction of false prophets, the promise of the coming of messengers after the end of the Islamic community, and the return of the Islamic cause to God within a thousand-year span. The present article, in assessing the validity of Qur'anic citations in the Bahá'í creed, has examined these six examples. It has thus been demonstrated that Bahá'í missionaries have not adhered to the apparent meanings of the verses or to interpretive principles, but have instead resorted to far-fetched interpretations of the Qur'an in order to undermine the doctrine of the finality of prophethood.}, Keywords = {Qur'an, Finality, Bahá'í Faith, Interpretation, interpretive principles.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Azadegan, Ebrahim and Salari, Zeinab}, title = {On the Knowability Asymmetry of Theism}, abstract ={: The knowability asymmetry of theism (KAT) is based on a revived version of Pascal's wager inspired by pragmatic encroachment (a recent thesis on the stand of pragmatic considerations in epistemology). According to KAT, as the practical costs of being wrong in believing in God far outweigh the (infinite) costs of believing in atheism if false (due to being deprived of the infinite gains of eternal life), arguably theistic knowledge is far easier to come by than its atheistic counterpart since it requires weaker justificatory support than atheism. In this paper we seek to criticize KAT arguing that it unjustifiably favors theism and oversimplifies the nature of stakes. Drawing from the debates on the axiology of theism and its implications about the axiological dimensions of stakes, we contend that the practical significance of being wrong about theism is not necessarily overriding to atheism. Finally we suggest that instead of laying the emphasis on pragmatic encroachment which is based on mere personal practical preferences, what seems better to be prioritized is moral encroachment. In conclusion we make an effort to rehabilitate KAT on the basis of moral rather than personal practical advantages/disadvantages of theism.}, Keywords = {Pragmatic encroachment, Pascal’s wager, the knowability asymmetry of theism, axiology of theism, moral encroachment}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Armi}, title = {What is the mind and its relation with the soul in Mulla Sadra’s perspective}, abstract ={There is usually no correct understanding of how the quiddity of mind is explained according to Mulla Sadra's philosophy. Mulla Sadra, on the one hand, offers a different explanation of the soul. On the other hand, he has also explained the mind in his works in a different way from others. In this article, relying on the Sadrian philosophical system, I have extracted the views of this philosophical system about the mind. After comparing his theoretical foundations about the soul and its functions with his explanation about the mind and its functions, the conclusion is that the mind is the human intellective soul. In the view of Sadrian philosophy, the intellective soul has imaginal immateriality and is something different from the rational soul, and he considers the mind equivalent to the intellective soul.  }, Keywords = {soul, mind, intellective, rational, imaginal immateriality}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Zamani, Mohammad Mahdi and Izadi, Mohsen and Razmi, Habibollah}, title = {A Comparative Study on the Concept of Manifestation in Mulla Sadra\'s Philosophy and the Notion of Fields in Bohmian Physics for a Holistic Worldview}, abstract ={This paper presents a comparative study of two distinct yet convergent perspectives on the unity of existence: the metaphysical framework of Mulla Sadra in Islamic philosophy and the theoretical propositions of David Bohm in modern physics. Mulla Sadra, through his doctrines of tajalli (manifestation) and wahdat al-wujud (the unity of being), offers a philosophical vision in which all entities are fundamentally rooted in a single, divine reality. In parallel, David Bohm, through his theory of the implicate order within quantum field theory, explores a holistic view of reality that seeks to unify consciousness and matter at a foundational level. This article investigates the conceptual parallels between these two approaches—particularly in their treatment of the oneness of the cosmos, the source of existence, and causality—highlighting a potential convergence between metaphysical thought and quantum theory. While grounded in different epistemological traditions, both thinkers propose models of reality in which apparent multiplicity is underpinned by a deeper, unified order.  }, Keywords = {Wholeness, Bohmian quantum field, Unity of existence, Manifestation, Non-Locality}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Saatchi, Mahdi}, title = {Suhrawardi\'s Self-Awareness Argument: A New Path in Proving the Existence of God}, abstract ={--}, Keywords = {self-awareness argument, epistemological proof, consciousness, proving the existence of God, Suhrawardi.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} } @article{ author = {Parvazmanesh, Behzad and Mehrnia, Hass}, title = {" Hegelian Traces in Heidegger\'s Thought: A Critical Examination of Influence and Ontological Redefinition"}, abstract ={This article provides a critical examination of the substantial influence of Hegel's absolute idealism on Heidegger's ontology, exploring how this influence is simultaneously manifested and reconfigured. While Hegel, a representative of modernity, foregrounded concepts such as freedom, rationality, consciousness, and history; Heidegger, his modern critic, fundamentally reoriented philosophical inquiry towards Being and time. Based on the insights of prominent Heideggerian scholars—Gadamer, Haar, Janicaud, and Kolb—this study posits that Heidegger's foundational concepts, notably historicity and dialectic, bear clear Hegelian traces. The paper meticulously illustrates Heidegger's active efforts to redefine these inherited concepts in service of his distinctive philosophical enterprise. Furthermore, it delineates the intricate commonalities and points of departure between these two thinkers concerning pivotal domains like history, phenomenology, and modernity. The research ultimately concludes that although significant parallels between Hegel and Heidegger—particularly in the later Heidegger—suggest a neo-Hegelian current; Heidegger’s philosophy ultimately surpasses the Hegelian framework. This is most evident in his profound understanding of the origin and end of metaphysics, where he critically grapples with and seeks to move beyond Hegel's philosophical system.  }, Keywords = {Heidegger, Hegel, historicity, phenomenology, modernity, dialectics}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Kharazmi University}, url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.html}, eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.docx}, journal = {Metaphysical Investigations}, issn = {2783-2198}, eissn = {2783-2198}, year = {2026} }