@article{ 
author = {Quintern, Detlev},  
title = {Ibn Khaldūn and Karl Marx  Philosophy of History in face of Gaza in Palestine}, 
abstract ={Ibn Khaldūn and Karl Marx developed a philosophy of history in times and places that fall far apart. While  Khaldūn understood the core of historical movements in values of social cohesion and solidarity (asabiyya), Marx based historical materialism on the development of productive forces throughout human history. Social cohesion as a driving force of history versus the history of class struggles which led to a circular conception of history on the one hand and a linear one on the other. In the face of genocide carried out with artificial intelligence in Gaza in Palestine, and the projection of dystopian urban designs of a Sunrise City in Gaza, philosophy of history is challenged to reflect on the course of history and to think about possible alternatives. .},  
Keywords = {Ibn Khaldūn, Asabiyya, Karl Marx, philosophy of history, Gaza in Palestine, Imperiocene},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-400-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-400-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ahmadizade, Has},  
title = {Rational Solutions to the Incompatibility between God\'s Absolute Knowledge and Human Free Will: A Critical Survey}, 
abstract ={When the attribute of absoluteness is ascribed to various divine attributes, especially God's mercy and knowledge, it presents the meaning and concept of divine attributes with various philosophical and theological difficulties. This difficulty is further accentuated when considering the relationship between God's absolute attributes and certain human attributes, particularly free will. Throughout the history of Islamic and Christian theology, thinkers have offered numerous analyses and solutions in response to this theological-philosophical challenge. These solutions can be broadly categorized as rational or faith-based, with the former relying on rational arguments and the latter based on revealed teachings in sacred texts. In this study, we will attempt to trace the most important rational solutions in Islamic and Christian theology and, by placing them within a framework of ten solutions, critically evaluate their level of rational robustness. Some of these rational solutions have proponents in both Islamic and Christian theology, while others have been proposed only within one of these two approaches. Among the most prominent of these solutions are the following theories: the dependence of knowledge on the known, God's timelessness, the impossibility of God's actions being deterministic, possible worlds, and likening God's knowledge to that of a close friend.  },  
Keywords = {Absolute Knowledge, Free Will, Theology, Reason, Faith},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Qorbani, Qodratullah},  
title = {Challenges Facing the Critical Approach to Theological Systems}, 
abstract ={Theological systems encompass religious texts, believers' interpretations of these texts, and the religiosity of the faithful. Among the significant challenges to adopting a critical approach to theological systems are: the failure to distinguish between religious texts, religious knowledge, and religiosity; the dominance of exclusivist views of religion; extreme sanctimoniousness; the spread of religious populism; the prioritization of rituals and ceremonies over religious beliefs; personality-centric religiosity and neglect of the main message of religion; emotionalism and excitement-driven attitudes; the prevalence of imitative over investigative perspectives; and the professionalization of religion. Examining these challenges, identified inductively, helps us gradually transition from a dogmatic and non-critical view of theological systems to a critical and dialogue-oriented approach. Such a shift marks the beginning of accepting the reality of critique in the realm of religion and theological systems, leading to significant advancements.  },  
Keywords = {Theological Systems, Religion, Religious Knowledge, Religiosity, Exclusivism, Sanctimoniousness, Dialogue.},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abbasalinejad, Pouri},  
title = {Reconstructing the Environmental Ethics of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ}, 
abstract ={This paper reconstructs an environmental ethical framework from the thought of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, a 10th- (or 9th-) century group of Islamic philosophers known as the Brethren of Purity. Drawing on selected epistles from the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ wa Khullān al-Wafāʾ, we argue that their Neoplatonically inspired cosmology, anthropology, and educational project can be systematically articulated as a four-axiom model of “hierarchical stewardship.” Methodologically, the study adopts a textual–conceptual reconstruction: contemporary categories from environmental ethics (such as intrinsic value, anthropocentrism, and ecocentrism) are used as analytical tools, without attributing them anachronistically to the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ themselves. We propose four core principles: the intrinsic value of all living beings; the higher but responsibility-laden intrinsic value of humans; the moral standing of ecological wholes within an organic, world-soul cosmology; and an educational response to environmental crises understood as crises of knowledge and character. We then examine several objections concerning anthropocentrism, the pre-modern metaphysical background, practical applicability, historical distance, and environmental justice, and suggest how the Ikhwānian framework can be critically adapted rather than simply repeated. We conclude that, although historically situated and metaphysically robust, the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s vision offers a distinctive Islamic contribution to contemporary environmental ethics by integrating a holistic ontology, graded intrinsic value, and a strong emphasis on moral and spiritual education as the basis for responsible human stewardship of the natural world.  },  
Keywords = {Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, Environmental ethics of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, environmental philosophy, intrinsic value},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shafi'ei, seyyedRuhollah},  
title = {Between Correspondence and Utility; (Q. 8:43) and the Criteria of Prophetic Dreams’ Truthfulness in the Qur’an}, 
abstract ={The present paper touches on an ignored notion concerning (Q. 8:43). The point is that the truthfulness of the prophetic dream reported in it, unlike other dreams reported both in the Qur’an and other sacred texts of Abrahamic religions, should be evaluated and justified by the pragmatic criterion, not correspondence one. Referring to the importance of prophetic dreams in the Abrahamic religions, including Qur’an and Islamic traditions, this paper examines the criterion of their truthfulness, using the philosophical classification of truth theories presented in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The main idea of this part is that they all are evaluable just by the correspondence criterion. Then, it is pointed out that what should be applied for the number of Muhammad’s unbeliever enemy troops mentioned in (Q. 8:43) is the pragmatic criterion. Furthermore, a major complementary part of this paper is devoted to a comparative study of the Muslim exegetes’ viewpoints about this problem and an analysis of its historical evolutionary course, in the light of the explanations provided already. It seems that, if the presented arguments are accepted, this paper can show one of the unique epistemological aspects of the Qur’an, especially in the field of revelation and prophecy.},  
Keywords = {Truth theories, Correspondence, Prophetic Dreams, Truthfulness, Qur’an},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Husseini, Hass},  
title = {Presential Knowledge and the Justification Gap: A Third-Way Epistemology from Mullā Ṣadrā\'s Transcendent Philosophy}, 
abstract ={The divide between internalism and externalism constitutes one of contemporary epistemology's fundamental impasses regarding epistemic justification. Internalists ground justification in reflective accessibility but fail to secure the connection between belief and objective reality; externalists establish this connection through reliable processes yet deprive epistemic subjects of direct access to justificatory grounds. This article argues that Mullā Ṣadrā al‑Shīrāzī's (1571–1640 CE) theory of presential knowledge (ʿilm ḥuḍūrī) in his Transcendent Philosophy (al‑Ḥikma al‑Mutaʿāliya) provides a genuine third alternative satisfying both requirements. Unlike contemporary theories treating knowledge as a mental state, presential knowledge constitutes an immediate existential relation where the knower is directly present to the known, without conceptual mediation or representational imagery. Grounded in the principles of the primacy of existence (aṣālat al‑wujūd) and substantial motion (al‑ḥaraka al‑jawhariyya), this knowledge‑type provides a non‑derivative justificatory base that is argued here to secure both existential access and a constitutive link to truth without reducing to standard internalist or reliabilist accounts. Through systematic analysis of primary sources (al‑Asfār al‑Arbaʿa, al‑Shawāhid al‑Rubūbiyya) and critical engagement with Goldman, BonJour, and Sosa, and employing an analytical‑comparative methodology that reconstructs and assesses Ṣadrā’s arguments against contemporary justificatory frameworks, this study demonstrates how presential knowledge transcends the internalism–externalism dichotomy by dissolving the epistemic gap at its foundation: the soul's presence to reality is not a secondary relation but existence's own structure. The paper further sketches how fallible, acquired propositional knowledge relates to and is epistemically grounded in these presential bases.},  
Keywords = {presential knowledge, Mullā Ṣadrā, internalism, externalism, epistemic justification, Transcendent Philosophy.},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Najafi, Rouhollah},  
title = {A Critique of Six Examples of Qur\'anic Citation in the Bahá\'í sect}, 
abstract ={A thousand years after the death of Imam Hasan al-ʿAskarī and the beginning of the occultation era, a cleric from Shiraz named Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad proclaimed the end of the occultation and declared himself first as the Qa'im and then as a prophet. After his execution, Mīrzā Ḥusayn ʿAlī Nūrī continued the movement that had arisen and likewise claimed to be the promised prophet. Thus, the newly formed Bahá'í religion came into being and added to the scope of religious disputes. Promoters of the Bahá'í creed, in their efforts to propagate their beliefs, have at times cited verses of the Qur'an, speaking of the return of Jesus the prophet, the coming of the clarification of the Qur'an in the future, the covenant of the Prophet of Islam to affirm later prophets, the promise of the destruction of false prophets, the promise of the coming of messengers after the end of the Islamic community, and the return of the Islamic cause to God within a thousand-year span. The present article, in assessing the validity of Qur'anic citations in the Bahá'í creed, has examined these six examples. It has thus been demonstrated that Bahá'í missionaries have not adhered to the apparent meanings of the verses or to interpretive principles, but have instead resorted to far-fetched interpretations of the Qur'an in order to undermine the doctrine of the finality of prophethood.},  
Keywords = {Qur'an, Finality, Bahá'í Faith, Interpretation, interpretive principles.},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Azadegan, Ebrahim and Salari, Zeinab},  
title = {On the Knowability Asymmetry of Theism}, 
abstract ={: The knowability asymmetry of theism (KAT) is based on a revived version of Pascal's wager inspired by pragmatic encroachment (a recent thesis on the stand of pragmatic considerations in epistemology). According to KAT, as the practical costs of being wrong in believing in God far outweigh the (infinite) costs of believing in atheism if false (due to being deprived of the infinite gains of eternal life), arguably theistic knowledge is far easier to come by than its atheistic counterpart since it requires weaker justificatory support than atheism. In this paper we seek to criticize KAT arguing that it unjustifiably favors theism and oversimplifies the nature of stakes. Drawing from the debates on the axiology of theism and its implications about the axiological dimensions of stakes, we contend that the practical significance of being wrong about theism is not necessarily overriding to atheism. Finally we suggest that instead of laying the emphasis on pragmatic encroachment which is based on mere personal practical preferences, what seems better to be prioritized is moral encroachment. In conclusion we make an effort to rehabilitate KAT on the basis of moral rather than personal practical advantages/disadvantages of theism.},  
Keywords = {Pragmatic encroachment, Pascal’s wager, the knowability asymmetry of theism, axiology of theism, moral encroachment},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mansouri, Armi},  
title = {What is the mind and its relation with the soul in Mulla Sadra’s perspective}, 
abstract ={There is usually no correct understanding of how the quiddity of mind is explained according to Mulla Sadra's philosophy. Mulla Sadra, on the one hand, offers a different explanation of the soul. On the other hand, he has also explained the mind in his works in a different way from others. In this article, relying on the Sadrian philosophical system, I have extracted the views of this philosophical system about the mind. After comparing his theoretical foundations about the soul and its functions with his explanation about the mind and its functions, the conclusion is that the mind is the human intellective soul. In the view of Sadrian philosophy, the intellective soul has imaginal immateriality and is something different from the rational soul, and he considers the mind equivalent to the intellective soul.  },  
Keywords = {soul, mind, intellective, rational, imaginal immateriality},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-398-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zamani, Mohammad Mahdi and Izadi, Mohsen and Razmi, Habibollah},  
title = {A Comparative Study on the Concept of Manifestation in Mulla Sadra\'s Philosophy and the Notion of Fields in Bohmian Physics for a Holistic Worldview}, 
abstract ={This paper presents a comparative study of two distinct yet convergent perspectives on the unity of existence: the metaphysical framework of Mulla Sadra in Islamic philosophy and the theoretical propositions of David Bohm in modern physics. Mulla Sadra, through his doctrines of tajalli (manifestation) and wahdat al-wujud (the unity of being), offers a philosophical vision in which all entities are fundamentally rooted in a single, divine reality. In parallel, David Bohm, through his theory of the implicate order within quantum field theory, explores a holistic view of reality that seeks to unify consciousness and matter at a foundational level. This article investigates the conceptual parallels between these two approaches—particularly in their treatment of the oneness of the cosmos, the source of existence, and causality—highlighting a potential convergence between metaphysical thought and quantum theory. While grounded in different epistemological traditions, both thinkers propose models of reality in which apparent multiplicity is underpinned by a deeper, unified order.  },  
Keywords = {Wholeness, Bohmian quantum field, Unity of existence, Manifestation, Non-Locality},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Saatchi, Mahdi},  
title = {Suhrawardi\'s Self-Awareness Argument: A New Path in Proving the Existence of God}, 
abstract ={--},  
Keywords = {self-awareness argument, epistemological proof, consciousness, proving the existence of God, Suhrawardi.},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Parvazmanesh, Behzad and Mehrnia, Hass},  
title = {" Hegelian Traces in Heidegger\'s Thought: A Critical Examination of Influence and Ontological Redefinition"}, 
abstract ={This article provides a critical examination of the substantial influence of Hegel's absolute idealism on Heidegger's ontology, exploring how this influence is simultaneously manifested and reconfigured. While Hegel, a representative of modernity, foregrounded concepts such as freedom, rationality, consciousness, and history; Heidegger, his modern critic, fundamentally reoriented philosophical inquiry towards Being and time. Based on the insights of prominent Heideggerian scholars—Gadamer, Haar, Janicaud, and Kolb—this study posits that Heidegger's foundational concepts, notably historicity and dialectic, bear clear Hegelian traces. The paper meticulously illustrates Heidegger's active efforts to redefine these inherited concepts in service of his distinctive philosophical enterprise. Furthermore, it delineates the intricate commonalities and points of departure between these two thinkers concerning pivotal domains like history, phenomenology, and modernity. The research ultimately concludes that although significant parallels between Hegel and Heidegger—particularly in the later Heidegger—suggest a neo-Hegelian current; Heidegger’s philosophy ultimately surpasses the Hegelian framework. This is most evident in his profound understanding of the origin and end of metaphysics, where he critically grapples with and seeks to move beyond Hegel's philosophical system.  },  
Keywords = {Heidegger, Hegel, historicity, phenomenology, modernity, dialectics},
volume = {1},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.docx},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2026}  
}