@article{ 
author = {Bahrami, Mansour and RaayatJahromi, Mohamm},  
title = {Perspectivism in Nietzsche’s Philosophy; A Reflection on Truth and Theories of Truth}, 
abstract ={Nietzsche’s notion of “Perspectivism” offers an anti-foundationalist account of truth, rejecting the idea of truth as an absolute entity and instead framing it as something shaped by human interpretation. For Nietzsche, knowledge and truth are always formed within the boundaries of perspectives, with no universal or independent criterion to ground them. This article first examines the significance of perspectivism in Nietzsche’s thought, contrasting it with traditional theories of truth such as correspondence, coherence, and pragmatism. It then considers the epistemological implications of Nietzsche’s approach and its relationship to the concept of truth in his philosophy. Finally, it addresses the challenges raised by perspectivism, particularly the dangers of relativism and the apparent paradox it contains, arguing that Nietzsche does not deny truth altogether. Rather, he promotes a model in which perspectives are critically compared and evaluated. The article concludes that Nietzsche’s perspectivism does not abolish truth but instead highlights the central role of diverse interpretations in shaping human knowledge.},  
Keywords = {Perspectivism, Truth, Interpretation, Epistemology, Relativism},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {7-42}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.7},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Dadjoo, Ebrahim},  
title = {New Essentialism and the Reconstruction of Islamic Philosophy and the Islamic Philosophy of Science}, 
abstract ={The history of physics can be divided into three major periods: the pre-Newtonian, Newtonian, and quantum eras. Each stage has carried its own philosophical implications. Pre-Newtonian physics was aligned with classical essentialism and realism, which shaped both ancient philosophy and Islamic philosophy. Newtonian physics, by contrast, fostered anti-essentialist and anti-realist tendencies, giving rise to many contemporary philosophical currents still dominant in Iran. The quantum era, however, has led to the emergence of “new essentialism” and “new realism,” perspectives that remain largely unfamiliar within the Iranian intellectual landscape. Islamic philosophy, grounded in the essentialist and realist outlook of the pre-Newtonian age, was unable to advance alongside the Newtonian paradigm and became largely passive in the face of anti-essentialist and anti-realist philosophies. For Islamic philosophy to modernize and regain vitality, it must engage with new essentialism and new realism. By critically analyzing and reconstructing these approaches, Islamic philosophy can not only renew itself but also contribute to the reconstruction of general philosophy, epistemology, and the philosophy of science from a realist standpoint. In doing so, it may play a central role in advancing other sciences and in offering realist solutions to contemporary intellectual and social challenges.  },  
Keywords = {Pre-Newtonian, Newtonian, Quantum, Essentialism, Anti-essentialism, New Essentialism, Islamic Philosophy},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {43-70}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.43},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Aghajani, Fatemeh and MahdaviAzadboni, Remazan and darabi, kokab},  
title = {Critique and Examination of the Demiurge as the Creator in Plato’s Metaphysics}, 
abstract ={The concepts of the Demiurge (the creator) and the Form of the Good occupy a central position in Plato’s metaphysics. This article examines the Demiurge’s role in shaping the material world and its relationship to the Form of the Good. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on scholarly sources, the study argues that the Demiurge is not an independent creator but rather a regulator who imposes order on pre-existing chaos by imitating the eternal realm of Forms. Two key hypotheses are considered: first, that the Demiurge acts merely as an imitator and therefore cannot be regarded as a true creator; second, that he cannot function as the ultimate source of morality. The findings reveal that the Demiurge depends on the Form of the Good and does not create ex nihilo. This dependency introduces tensions within Plato’s broader philosophy, especially when contrasted with his negative evaluation of imitation in The Republic. Furthermore, the inconsistency between the soul’s createdness in Timaeus and its eternal, uncreated nature in Phaedrus raises doubts about the Demiurge’s role in generating the soul. In contrast, the Form of the Good emerges as the ultimate foundation of morality, standing above the Demiurge. Ethical values in Plato’s philosophy do not originate from the Demiurge’s activity but rather from the soul’s striving toward the Form of the Good. By redefining the Demiurge as a mediator between the Forms and the material world, this study offers a new understanding of his function as a divine regulator rather than a genuine creator. This perspective helps resolve contradictions in Plato’s metaphysical framework and deepens our understanding of the relationship between creativity, morality, and order in his thought.},  
Keywords = {Demiurge, Creator, Form of the Good, Plato, Ethics},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {71-96}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.71},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rabipour, Fatemeh and FathTaheri, Ali and Baqershahi, Ali Naqi and Heidari, Mohammad Has},  
title = {A Study of the Conception of Truth in Deleuze’s Reading of Kant}, 
abstract ={Deleuze’s philosophical project begins with his reversal of Kant’s philosophy. His unique interpretation of Kant serves as the foundation for his broader ontological framework. Throughout his works, Deleuze consistently connects the concept of truth to other philosophical ideas, often reinterpreting entire systems to reconstruct truth in innovative ways. Yet this reconstruction always unfolds in dialogue with, and in critique of, Kant. According to Deleuze, since Kant’s aesthetics has been marked by an irreducible duality: on one side, it refers to sensibility as the condition for possible experience; on the other, it refers to art as the expression of actual experience. This split produces two competing “images of thought,” which in turn give rise to two divergent conceptions of truth. In the first conception, the faculties naturally and voluntarily orient themselves toward truth, representing it as universal and general. In the second, thought emerges only when external forces disrupt the faculties, making truth the outcome of real experience and the creation of something new. This study explores Deleuze’s account of this dual concept of truth, situating it within his special engagement with Kant, and clarifies how this framework enables the production of the new.},  
Keywords = {Idea, Thought without image, Dogmatic image of thought, Truth, Deleuze, Kant},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {97-128}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.97},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rastaei, Hamedeh},  
title = {A Critical Analaysis of Allamah Tabātabāī’s Two Philosophical and Theoretical Approaches to the Discovery of Knowledge}, 
abstract ={The question of how knowledge is discovered remains one of the central yet relatively underexplored issues in epistemology. While philosophers have often devoted far greater attention to ontological problems, Allāmah Tabātabāī offers an important and original contribution to this topic. In addition to writing a dedicated essay on the subject, “The Value of the Known” in Usul-i Falsafeh va Ravesh-e Realism, he also addresses it in various parts of his broader works. Tabātabāī develops two distinct approaches. In his philosophical approach, grounded in the principle of essential objectivity, he maintains that certain acquired knowledge discovers the known by accident. In contrast, in his fundamental approach, he denies the possibility of genuine discovery altogether, aiming to pave the way for a more authentic understanding of knowledge. Essential objectivity, however, cannot be regarded as a sufficient criterion for discovery, both because it excludes philosophical and logical secondary intelligibles and because it conflicts with the doctrine of the primacy of existence. This paper argues, through a logical analysis of concepts, that Tabātabāī’s two main arguments for rejecting true discovery are incomplete and therefore unjustified. First, something can be relational and, at the same time, represent something beyond itself. Second, something can represent another reality without being “annihilated” within it.},  
Keywords = {Discovery, Essential Objectivity, Acquired Knowledge, Certain Confirmation, Allāmah Tabātabāī},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {129-152}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.129},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Qorbani, Hashem and Mohammadi, Masih},  
title = {Review of Realistic Representation of Worldly Perceptions in Near-Death Experiences}, 
abstract ={Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) represent a unique class of perceptions that offer profound insights into the human condition at the threshold of death. These experiences invite both epistemological and ontological examination, a process essential for assessing their epistemic validity. The primary goal of this article is to critically evaluate physicalist accounts that dismiss NDEs as mere hallucinatory phenomena. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on comprehensive library-based research, this study shows that the perceptions reported during NDEs generally fall into two categories: subjective, other-worldly phenomena and objective, this-worldly observations, each with its own distinctive characteristics. The first category includes experiences such as traveling through a light-filled tunnel, encountering preternatural beings, and seeing deceased relatives or spiritual figures. The second category involves observations of tangible physical events occurring either in the patient’s immediate surroundings or even at a distance from their physical body. Remarkably, such reports often emerge under conditions of sensory deprivation (e.g., with eyes closed) and significantly reduced cortical activity. This article examines credible international research on this-worldly aspects of NDEs to challenge conventional hallucinatory explanations. The critique unfolds through four main lines of argument: (1) the objective nature of reported perceptions, (2) the recurrence of shared experiential patterns, (3) philosophical reflections on the mind’s capacity to function independently of the physical body, and (4) the fundamental problem of phenomenal awareness. Crucially, the observation of real-world events during NDEs, particularly when supported by medical documentation, renders these experiences open to epistemic validation.  },  
Keywords = {Near-Death Experiences (NDE), Veridical Out-of-Body Experience (Veridical OBE), Extrasensory Perception (ESP), Consciousness, This-worldly perceptions, Objective reality.},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {153-184}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.153},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Momeni, Naser},  
title = {Research on the Relationship between Arche and Identity based on Heidegger\'s Opinion}, 
abstract ={Archē is commonly translated as “the origin” or “the beginning” Identity, on the other hand, means that everything is equal to itself. The principle of identity is a logical rule that establishes a relation of self-sameness. Yet, in the history of philosophy, Parmenides gestures toward a sense of identity that seems different, strange, even difficult. This meaning is not merely that everything equals itself, but rather a distinctive trait to which even existence itself belongs. What if identity were not simply the statement “A is A”? What if, instead of being a dry logical axiom, identity pointed to something deeper, something that shapes the very way we understand reality?},  
Keywords = {Thales, Archē, Heidegger, Identity, Parmenides},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {185-208}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.185},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AbasiHosseinAbadi, Has},  
title = {The Relationship between Human and God in Ibn Tufail\'s Philosophy}, 
abstract ={The relationship between human beings and God is one of the central themes in Islamic philosophy and mysticism. In Ibn Tufail’s thought, as reflected in his renowned philosophical treatise Hayy ibn Yaqzan, this relationship is explained through the concepts of the arc of descent (qaws al-nuzul) and the arc of ascent (qaws al-su‘ud). The key questions here are: What form does this relationship take in Ibn Tufail’s system? How does a person attain closeness to God and experience His presence? And what is the path that Ibn Tufail ultimately advocates? In his treatise, Ibn Tufail introduces us the symbolic character Hayy, and narrates his spiritual and intellectual journey through various stages, beginning with individuality and innate monotheism, moving through solitude, reflection, and contemplation, and finally reaching a deeper social and ethical dimension. Within this framework, God occupies a pivotal position as the ultimate goal and the source of human happiness. According to Ibn Tufail, there are two primary types of relationships between human beings and God: A personal, mystical relationship based on the soul’s separation from the material world, which culminates in spiritual union and annihilation (fana) in the Divine Essence. An individual-social relationship realized through adherence to the Sharia and religious obligations. This article seeks to explore these ideas by offering a descriptive-analytical reading of Hayy ibn Yaqzan.},  
Keywords = {Human, God, Ibn Tufail, Annihilation, Individuality},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {209-238}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.209},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AqaMohammadreza, Maryam and Rezaeirah, Mohammad Javad and Ayatollahy, Hamidreza and Souri, Rouhollah},  
title = {The Influence of Divine Agency on the Lawfulness of Nature: From the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Process Theologians}, 
abstract ={Process theologians, in their attempt to address theological challenges, propose a new interpretation of God’s agency within the natural order. According to them, divine agency, based on the processual and organismic nature of reality, must be understood in a way that safeguards the agency, freedom, and creativity of other beings. Their solution involves restricting God’s power and knowledge, which ultimately results in the denial of God’s intrinsic necessity and His supervening relationship with other beings. In this view, God becomes merely a necessary condition and a preparatory cause, existing on the same level as other causes and natural agents in the world. Consequently, the laws and order of the natural world emerge from the free will and creativity of natural beings. In contrast, Mulla Sadra, affirming both God’s intrinsic necessity and His supervening relationship with creation, and understanding God as the Agent through self-manifestation, considers divine agency to be authentic and creative. By viewing existence as the object of positing, he asserts that all beings and their necessary relations, including the laws of the world, are encompassed within God’s simple positing. This philosophical framework offers a coherent response to the challenges that Western theology faces regarding divine agency.},  
Keywords = {Process Theology, Mulla Sadra, Agency through Self-Manifestation, Divine Agency, Order and Lawfulness of the World},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {239-267}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.239},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RoohiSeraji, Gholamhossein and Hosaini, Seyyed Shahabuddi},  
title = {A Comparative Study of Soul-Body Unity in the Thought of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra}, 
abstract ={This paper presents a comparative analysis of Ibn Sina’s and Mulla Sadra’s perspectives on the union of the soul and the body. Using a descriptive-analytical method, we explore how both philosophers challenge the ancient Platonic notion that the soul exists prior to the body. Ibn Sina views the soul as immaterial in its essence and maintains that it remains immaterial from the very moment it becomes connected to the body. In contrast, Mulla Sadra also affirms the soul’s immaterial essence, but argues that its origin is corporeal, a view captured in his theory of “corporeal origination.” Our findings suggest that Ibn Sina’s position is more philosophically robust, as it avoids the problem of an essential transformation: for him, the soul is immaterial from its inception. Within his framework, the union of soul and body is accidental because the soul functions as the body’s governor and guide. Mulla Sadra, however, insists that this unity is essential, embedded in the very fabric of human existence.},  
Keywords = {Soul, Body, Substance, Accident, Unity},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {269-294}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.269},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Izadi, Mohammad Hosein and Baghershai, Ali Naghi and PeekHerfe, Shirzad and RaayatJahromi, Mohamm},  
title = {Review of the Intellectual Foundations of Philosophical Counseling and Its Approach in Contemporary Psychotherapy}, 
abstract ={The article explores philosophical counseling as a contemporary application of philosophy in addressing personal, ethical, and existential challenges, distinguishing it from traditional psychotherapy. Drawing on historical philosophical traditions and modern practices, it examines the intellectual foundations, methods, techniques, and challenges of this emerging field. The summary below covers the first eight sections of the article (Introduction through Challenges and Criticisms), followed by a synthesis of the article's conclusions. These abstract aims to encapsulate the article's descriptive-analytical approach, highlighting its emphasis on philosophy's practical role in fostering self-awareness, ethical decision-making, and worldview clarification without pathologizing clients.},  
Keywords = {Applied Philosophy, Philosophical Counseling, Psychology, Philosophical Therapy, Psychotherapy, Gerd Achenbach},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {295-330}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.295},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Alibabaoghli, Vahid and Akvan, Mohamm},  
title = {Hegel\'s Critique of Sensory Certainty}, 
abstract ={This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Hegel’s critique of sense-certainty as outlined in the opening section of The Phenomenology of Spirit. Traditionally, sense-certainty has been regarded as the most immediate and foundational form of consciousness, promising direct access to truth through unmediated experience. However, Hegel’s dialectical method reveals fundamental contradictions within this mode of knowing, demonstrating that it cannot sustain its claim to immediacy or certainty. By examining the roles of language, temporality, and the mediation of consciousness, this study shows that sense-certainty operates as a necessary yet transitional stage in the development of self-consciousness. Drawing on both metaphysical and linguistic-pragmatic perspectives, the paper develops an integrated framework that underscores Hegel’s ongoing relevance to epistemology, the philosophy of language, and phenomenology.  },  
Keywords = {Hegel, Sense-certainty, Phenomenology of Spirit, Dialectic, Temporality, Consciousness, Epistemology},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {331-362}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.331},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Honarmand, Hossein and Mirshamsi, Zeinab Sadat and Alerasoul, Sous},  
title = {The Interplay of Practical and Theoretical Intellects in the Existential Perfection of the Human Being: Based on Imam Khomeini’s Philosophy}, 
abstract ={In Imam Khomeini’s intellectual framework, the theoretical intellect (al-‘aql al-naẓarī) and the practical intellect (al-‘aql al-‘amalī) constitute two essential faculties of the human soul. Contrary to many dualistic interpretations found throughout the history of philosophy, these two faculties are not in opposition to one another. Rather, they function as complementary and synergistic forces, jointly guiding the human being toward existential perfection. This study, employing an analytical-inferential method and drawing upon Imam Khomeini’s philosophical, mystical, and ethical writings, examines how these two intellects interact within the ontological structure of the human being and in the process of spiritual journeying (sulūk).},  
Keywords = {Theoretical Reason, Practical Reason, Arc of Descent, Arc of Ascent, Existential Perfection, Imam Khomeini},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {363-392}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.363},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Lazemi, Farideh and Asghari, Muhamm},  
title = {Deconstruction of the Concept of God in the Modern Age: From Romanticism to the Critique of Religious Rationality}, 
abstract ={This article examines how the modern era, shaped by the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the rise of new philosophical paradigms, reshaped the very idea of God. Under the influence of Romanticism, materialism, mechanical determinism, and deepening religious skepticism, the classical image of a transcendent, absolute deity began to unravel. As these intellectual currents gained ground, God came to be seen less as an objective, eternal being and more as a concept open to interpretation, one increasingly centered on human subjectivity. Religious language, once the province of metaphysical truth-claims, began to function more as a vehicle for psychological and social meaning. David Hume’s critique of causality and his incisive attacks on the traditional proofs for God’s existence, especially in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, proved pivotal. His arguments undermined rational theology and cleared the path for experiential and skeptical approaches to religion. Yet this anti-realist reimagining of God faces serious limitations: it struggles to express divine essence and attributes, often overlooks the existential dimension of faith, and fails to account for the depth of religious experience. We argue that a viable rethinking of God today must move beyond mere critique. It requires drawing on the rational resources of the tradition while engaging constructively with both modern deconstruction and post-structuralist reinterpretations. Only through such dialogue can faith be reformulated within a contemporary, meaning-oriented horizon.},  
Keywords = {God, Modern Age, Deconstruction, Romanticism, Rationalism, David Hume},
volume = {6},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {393-414}, 
publisher = {Kharazmi University},

doi = {10.61882/mi.6.1.393},
url = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html},  
eprint = {http://mi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf},  
journal = {Metaphysical Investigations},  
issn = {2783-2198}, 
eissn = {2783-2198}, 
year = {2025}  
}