اعتبار هستی‌شناختی غیب: سنجش تجربه دینی، زبان نمادین و الهیات پسامتافیزیکی

The unseen (al-ghayb), as understood here, is not merely what is unobserved or unknown; it refers to a trans-empirical reality to which religious claims concerning God, revelation, angels, and the afterlife are directed. The central question is whether this reality is independent of the human mind, language, and experience, or whether the validity of religion should instead be grounded in religious consciousness, symbolic disclosure, event, or the existential function of faith. Using an analytical-comparative method, this study distinguishes four dimensions of the validity of the unseen: ontological, epistemic, semantic, and existential-practical. It then assesses selected modern and postmetaphysical accounts in light of these distinctions. Schleiermacher and James emphasize religious experience and its lived effects, yet they do not derive the independent reality of its object from experience itself. Bultmann and Ricoeur make possible a non-literal and symbolic understanding of religious language, without thereby establishing that the semantic openness of symbols refers to an independent reality. Among the postmetaphysical accounts examined, Marion combines the rejection of the objectification of God with the preservation of the possibility of reference to the divine, whereas Caputo and Vattimo relocate religious validity toward event, interpretation, and existential function. The realist model of the unseen in Islamic theology and philosophy distinguishes metaphysics from the supernatural: reason establishes the possibility of reality beyond nature, while revelation, once its authority is established, provides knowledge of particular unseen realities. Despite its apophatic and interpretive dimensions, revelatory language retains a claim to refer to an independent reality. Religious experience, symbol, and interpretation are therefore compatible with religious realism only when they remain mediations of encounter with and expression of the unseen, rather than substitutes for its reality.